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微生物发酵剂对四川风羊腿加工进程及产品特性的影响

2019-09-23王卫张佳敏赵志平白婷吉莉莉陈林

肉类研究 2019年7期

王卫 张佳敏 赵志平 白婷 吉莉莉 陈林

摘 要:研究微生物发酵剂对四川传统风羊腿不同加工阶段及产品特性的影响,结果表明:风羊腿的水分含量及水分活度(water activity,aw)在风干发酵初期下降较快,后期逐渐平缓;pH值在发酵开始1 周下降较快,成熟后期逐渐回升;NaCl含量逐渐增加,亚硝酸钠残留量逐渐下降;过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值和挥发性盐基氮含量逐步上升;添加微生物发酵剂的产品水分含量、aw和pH值变化幅度更大,发酵进程更快,发酵微生物呈现出极为显著的抑制脂肪氧化和降低硝盐(硝酸钠和亚硝酸钠)残留作用,这一作用在腌制和发酵初期就已显现。

关键词:风羊腿;微生物发酵剂;加工进程;产品特性

Effect of Starter Cultures on Processing and Quality Characteristics of Sichuan Goat Ham

WANG Wei, ZHANG Jiamin, ZHAO Zhiping, BAI Ting, JI Lili, CHEN Lin

(Key Laboratory of Meat Processing in Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China)

Abstract: The effects of natural fermentation versus directed vat set (DVS, a mixed starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus sakei and Debaromyces hansenii) on the processing and quality characteristics of Sichuan goat ham were studied. The results showed the moisture content and water activity (aw) of ham decreased rapidly in the early stage of natural fermentation, and gradually remained stable in the later stage. The pH value declined rapidly in the first week of fermentation, and gradually rose in the later stage of maturation. The NaCl content, perioxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) value and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content gradually increased, and the nitrite residue gradually decreased. Larger changes in the water content, aw and pH values occurred during fermentation with DVS and the fermentation rate was higher compared with natural fermentation. The starter culture extremely significantly inhibited fat oxidation and reduced the nitrite residue in the early stages of curing and fermentation.

Keywords: goat ham; starter culture; processing; quality characteristics

DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20190612-125

中圖分类号:TS251.5                                         文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-8123(2019)07-0014-05

引文格式:

王卫, 张佳敏, 赵志平, 等. 微生物发酵剂对四川风羊腿加工进程及产品特性的影响[J]. 肉类研究, 2019, 33(7): 14-18. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20190612-125.    http://www.rlyj.net.cn

WANG Wei, ZHANG Jiamin, ZHAO Zhiping, et al. Effect of starter cultures on processing and quality characteristics of Sichuan goat ham[J]. Meat Research, 2019, 33(7): 14-18. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20190612-125.    http://www.rlyj.net.cn

风羊腿是我国传统特色腌腊名产,产品以羊后腿为原料,经修整、上盐、腌制、自然风干和贮藏成熟等工序制作而成[1]。研究表明,风羊腿等传统腌腊制品属于水分活度(water activity,aw)0.70~0.80的典型半干水分食品(intermediate moisture foods,IMF),具有极佳的非制冷可贮藏性[2],较长时间自然风干产品也伴随一定的微生物发酵进程,但微生物参与的发酵作用远比西式发酵肉制品作用更小[3],其特有风味的形成主要取决于风干进程中以理化为主导、微生物参与的脂肪和蛋白质分解、氧化等反应,逐渐产生醛、酮、酸等一系列小分子化合物,风干发酵时间越长,微生物的作用也越显著[4-5]。微生物在火腿等中式腌腊肉制品加工中的优势菌群取决于加工产品和环境等诸多因素[6],其发挥的作用是多方面的,如乳酸菌和肉葡萄球菌能促进产品中亚硝酸盐的分解和芳香类风味物质的形成;片球菌能抑制杂菌生长,提升产品的安全性;霉菌能抑制有害菌生长并且使产品具有特殊的香气;酵母菌能抑制产品的氧化酸败,还对腌腊肉制品特殊风味的形成有益[7]。