Driving K-12 Innovation

【譯题】基础教育创新驱动力报告——2019挑战篇（三）

Poduct by CoSN （Consortium for School Networking）

美国学校网络联合会

SPOTLIGHTING TWO HURDLES TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF WORK（Ⅱ）

This hurdle pushes educators to start thinking now about what emerging technologies mean for education. Artificial intelligence （AI）， “deep learning” and robotics are among the game-changing technologies that are beginning to alter the nature of work and， thus， workforce demands. While schools clearly face many hurdles in preparing students with skills they need to succeed today， emerging technologies could bring even steeper challenges for educators.

1.Exploring the Challenge

The World Economic Forum jolted people’s attention with a 2016 report， The Future of Jobs， which asserted that we are at the beginning of a Fourth Industrial Revolution. Even the short-term technological drivers of this new era—those making an impact by 2020—are stunning：

Mobile and internet cloud technology

Advances in computing power and Big Data

New energy supplies and technologies

The Internet of Things （IoT）

Crowdsourcing， the sharing economy and peer-to-peer platforms

Advanced robotics and autonomous transport

Artificial intelligence and machine learning

Advanced manufacturing and 3D printing

Advanced materials， biotechnology and genomics

Demographic and socioeconomic shifts， such as changing work environments and flexible working arrangements， also are “expected to have a significant impact on jobs， ranging from significant job creation to job displacement ... and widening skills gaps.”Whole new categories of jobs， occupations and skill sets are emerging， “requiring an urgent and concerted effort for adjustment.”

The challenge for educators， then， is to anticipate and develop skill sets that will stand the test of time. Giving students ample opportunities to practice with emerging technologies could stir their interest and excitement about designing tomorrow’s technologies. Tying these tools to real-world and deep learning outcomes is essential.

2.Imagining the Potential

Next-generation technologies are already making their way into many industries. AI has the potential to micro-personalize learning with perceptive， adaptive digital tutors and enliven learning experiences with mixed reality， augmented reality and virtual and artificial reality technologies， for example. With technologies like these， educators will be able to design learning environments that mimic working environments and partner more easily with employers to provide students with authentic， virtual learning opportunities.

For teachers and administrators， next-generation technologies could support pedagogy， assist with classroom management and rote tasks， and offer granular insights into student learning and needs. Educators are expected to be able to spend more time on their core work： teaching， learning and in-person interactions with students.

Emerging technologies also will shift educational measurement to match 21st century skills， according to a Brookings Institution series on educational measurement. “Stealth assessments” can be embedded into platforms， tools and learning environments， such as digital games with realistic scenarios that build both complex skills and content knowledge. Educators also can leverage new technologies to capture and analyze process data， as students interact in digital environments， to discover how students are learning in the moment.

3.Surmounting the Challenge

Unlike most hurdles， it will take time to fully grasp how next generation technologies will change the future of work and education. For now， the Advisory Board recommends paying attention to developments in this arena and starting to discuss how emerging technologies will impact：

life and work and what that means for preparing students for a happy and productive future life in that world （the “what” of education）;

education through digital learning materials and environments， analyzing learning behavior， interactions between learners and individual learning experiences for each learner （the “how” of education）.

4.Additional Resources

A Future Ready project to develop a framework for identifying， developing， collecting evidence of and evaluating key attributes of future-ready learners. Collaboration， creativity， personal learning， problem solving and global sustainability and other attributes for which there is historical research.

Ask About AI： The Future of Work and Learning， a 2017 report that provides a sharp primer on AI， summarizes the public policy issues， offers ways for educators to prepare and provides a robust list of resources.

譯文

聚焦两大核心挑战挑战二：技术与未来的工作

这一挑战促使教育工作者开始思考新兴技术对教育意味着什么。人工智能（AI）、深度学习和机器人技术是颠覆性技术，这些技术改变了工作性质，从而改变劳动力需求。显然，学校在培养学生今后就业所需要的技能方面面临许多困境，而新兴技术可能会给教育工作者带来更严峻的挑战。

1.探索挑战

世界经济论坛通过2016年的报告《未来的就业》吸引了人们的注意力，该报告断言我们正处于第四次工业革命的开端。即使是这个新时代的短期技术驱动因素，即影响2020年的驱动因素，也十分令人惊叹：

移动和互联网云技术

超级计算和大数据

新能源供应和技术

物联网（IoT）

众包、共享经济和点对点平台

先进的机器人和自动运输

人工智能和机器学习

先进制造和3D打印

先进材料、生物技术和基因组学

人口和社会经济变化，例如改变工作环境和灵活的工作安排，也“将会对就业产生重大影响，从创造大量就业岗位到出现裁员……以及扩大技能差距”。全新的工作、职业和技能类别正在兴起，“需要紧密协作去应对”。

因此，教育工作者面临的挑战是预测和发展那些经得起时间考验的技能类别。为学生提供充分的新兴技术实践机会，可以激发他们对设计未来技术的兴趣和激情。将这些工具与现实世界和深度学习成果联系起来至关重要。

2.激发潜能

新生代技术通过自己的方式已经进入到很多行业。例如，人工智能具有微观个性化学习的潜能，可以通过混合现实、增强现实以及虚拟现实技术，为学习者提供灵敏的自适应辅导和活跃的学习经验。借助这些技术，教育工作者将能设计出模仿工作环境的学习环境，并与雇主更轻松地合作，为学生提供“真实的”虚拟学习机会。

对教师和管理人员来说，新生代技术可以支持教学法，协助处理课堂管理和“死记硬背”式任务，并为学生的学习和需求提供具体指导。教育工作者可将更多时间花在他们的核心工作上：教学、学习和与学生的面对面互动。

根據布鲁金斯学会关于教育测量的系列报告，新兴技术也将改变教育测量，以匹配21世纪的技能。“隐形评估”可以嵌入到平台、工具和学习环境中，例如，具有构建复杂技能和知识内容的现实场景的数字游戏。当学生在数字环境中互动时，教育工作者还可以利用新技术捕获和分析过程中的数据，从而发现学生当前的学习路径。

3.克服挑战

与大多数挑战不同，探索新生代技术将如何改变工作和教育的未来需要时间。目前，咨询委员会建议关注这一领域的发展，并开始讨论新兴技术将如何产生影响：

生活和工作，意味着为学生做好准备，在未来世界快乐而富有成效地生活（教育的“内容”）;

通过数字化学习材料和环境进行教育，分析学习行为、学习者之间的互动以及学习者的个人学习经验（教育的“方式”）。

4.拓展资源

“面向未来项目”旨在开发一个框架，用于识别、开发、收集并评估面向未来学习者的关键特征：协作、创造力、个性化学习、解决问题能力和全球可持续性以及其他相关历史研究的特征。

2017年的这份报告——《对话人工智能：工作和学习的未来》，提供了关于人工智能的精彩见解，总结了公共政策问题，为教育工作者提供了应对之法，并提供了强大的资源清单。