远程打击的致命之矢

文/五花肉

（支持单位：上海市质量和标准化研究院）

不论是单兵突袭的致命一击，还是军团作战的饱和打击，箭都是冷兵器时代最令人胆寒的远攻武器。

Whether it was the fatal blow or the concentrated attack of army combat, arrows were the most chilling long-range weapons in the cold steel war era.

箭杆定准度Accuracy Depending on Arrow Rod

要确保箭的远程打击威慑力，命中率是关键。这不仅取决于射手的技术，更取决于箭杆的质量，尤其是代表箭杆抗弯强度的重要指标——挠度。被弓弦弹射的瞬间，箭杆受力呈弧状，在飞行中逐渐恢复笔直，挠度不均会直接导致箭杆偏离预设飞行轨道，大幅降低射击准度。

Accuracy was the key of ensuring the deadly force of long-range strike of arrows. Accuracy was not only depends on the archer's technique, but also on the quality of the archer's rod, especially the deflection,which was an important index of arrow rod strength.At the moment of being shot by bowstring, the force on the arrow rod assumed an arc shape, and gradually recovered in fl ight. Uneven def l ection would cause the arrow rod to deviate from the normal fl ight orbit, thus greatly reducing the accuracy.

箭羽助稳定Arrow Feathers for Stability

在挠度符合要求的基础上，古代匠人还通过安装箭羽的方式，进一步确保箭杆的飞行稳定性。“五分其长，而羽其一”，箭羽应在距箭杆尾部五分之一处，安装相互对称的三簇箭羽。箭羽的多寡需要兼顾射击速度和射击准度的要求，太多会降低飞行速度，过少则影响飞行稳定。

On the basis of deflection requirement, ancient craftsmen also installed arrow feathers to further ensure the flight stability of the arrow rod. Arrow Feathers should be installed on the position of one fifth length of arrow rod with three symmetrical clusters of arrow feathers. The amount of arrow feathers should achieve the balance of speed and accurancy. Too much would reduce flying speed,while too little would affect flight stability.

箭镞（一组）·战国湖北省博物馆藏

无锋刃箭镞（一组）·战国湖北省博物馆藏

铜箭镞浙江省博物馆藏

铜镞湖北省博物馆藏

箭头增杀伤Arrowhead for Lethality

箭的最终杀伤力来自于箭头。为了减少空气阻力，箭头自诞生之初就始终保持尖锐的几何形态，从早期的棒形、叶形逐渐进化为三角形、三棱锥形。到了战国时期，秦国工匠发明了曲面三棱锥箭头，三个弧面几乎完全相同，完美的流线形态与现代空气动力学理论不谋而合，导向性和穿透力大幅提升。不仅如此，秦国还依靠统一工艺标准，成功实现了这种箭头的模块化批量生产，为秦国军队独步天下的远攻能力奠定了牢固的基础。

The lethality of an arrow came from the arrowhead.In order to reduce the air resistance, the arrowhead always maintained a sharp geometric shape since its birth, gradually evolving from rod shape and leaf shape to triangular pyramid shape. In the Warring States period in the acient China, Qin artisans invented curved triangular pyramid arrows. The three curved surfaces were almost identical. The perfect streamline form coincides with modern aerodynamic theory, and its guidance and penetrating power were greatly improved.Furthermore, Qin State also successfully realized the modular mass production of the arrowheads by means of unified process standards, which laid a solid foundation for the Qin army's ability to attack far and wide.

结 语Conclusion

箭杆、箭羽、箭头共同构成了一支完整的箭，在各自精益求精的同时，互相协调、彼此成就，只为了获得最佳效益、贡献完美一击。

The arrow rod, arrow feather and arrowhead form a complete arrow. While keeping improving, they coordinate with each other and accomplish each other, in order to strike a deadly attack.