分词做状语的概念解析

张艳红

非谓语动词之分词做状语是必考考点，本文主要对分词的基本概念和状语功能进行梳理总结。

一、5个分词的基本概念

1.doing： 现在分词 一般式 主动语态

2.being done： 现在分词一般式 被动语态

3.having done： 现在分词 完成式 主动语态

4.having been done：现在分词 完成式 被动语态

5.done ：过去分词

二、解析概念

1.doing ----- 表示分词的动作：

①正在进行；②与谓语动词的动作同时发生；③相关名词与doing之间是主动关系

Hearing the bell ，the students began to enter the classroom .

解析：①主语the students和分詞Hearing 之间是主动关系；②分词Hearing和谓语动词began to enter 的动作同时发生。

2.being done ----- 表示分词的动作：

①正在进行；②与谓语的动作同时发；③名词 与being done 是被动关系。

Being painted now，the classroom can not be used .

解析：①主语the classroom和分词Being painted 之间是被动关系；②分词Being painted的动作正在发生。

3.having done ----- 表示分词的动作：

①发生在谓语的动作或状态之前；②名词与having done 是主动关系。

Having finished the work ，Tom went out for play .

解析：①主语Tom和分词Having finished 之间是主动关系；②分词Having finished的动作发生在谓语动词went out for play之前。

4.having been done ----- 表示分词的动作：

①发生在谓语的动作或状态之前；②名词与having been done是被动关系。

Having been used for many years ，the car needs repairing .

解析：①主语the car和分词Having been used 之间是被动关系；②分词Having been used的动作发生在谓语动词needs repairing之前。

5.done ----- 表示分词的动作：

①分词本身动作发生完了；②没时间性；③名词与done 之间是被动关系。

Seen from the hill ，our school is very beautiful .

解析：①our school和seen 之间是被动关系；②seen的动作没有时间性。

三、分词做状语的功能

时间，原因，条件，让步，结果，方式，伴随状况

1.时间状语：Having finished the work，Tom went out for play.

2.原因状语：Being painted now，the classroom can not be used.

3.条件状语：Seen from the hill，our schoolyard looks very beau-tiful.

4.让步状语：Having been warned many times，the boy still beca-me careless in doing the job.

5.结果状语：Football is played all over the world ， making it the most popular sport.

6.方式状语：Being late for class ， he came to school running all the way.

7.伴随状况状语：The students entered the classroom， talking and laughing.

四、分词做状语的判断技巧

分词5个做状语，逗号是标志；主语定语态，谓语定时态。

另，伴随状况状语通常在谓语后面，常不用逗号标志。例如：The students entered the classroom talking and laughing .

总之，分词做状语是高频考点，尤其在语法填空、改错和写作部分，成为必备要点。