基于供需平衡法的出租汽车发展规模测算
2019-07-02白钢李佳于秋影沈航先
白钢 李佳 于秋影 沈航先
摘要:为使出租汽车拥有量保持合理的发展规模,采用供需平衡法对出租汽车的发展规模进行测算,以此达到城市客运资源的合理分配,满足城市居民的出行需求。现对供需平衡理论的基本原理以及运算步骤进行梳理,然后对出租汽车发展规模进行测算,计算出租汽车的总有效行驶里程以及空驶率,得出城市出租汽车总量。最后以黑龙江省某县客运出租汽车的运营为例,根据其客运出租汽车运营数据,依照供需平衡模型进行运算,最终预测出规划期十三年的出租汽车最佳保有量。
关键词:城市交通;出租汽车;供需平衡法
中图分类号:U491.1 文献标识码:A
文章编号:1005-913X(2019)02-0146-02
Calculation of the development scale of taxis based on the balance of supply and demand
Bai Gang1, Li Jia2, Yu Qiuying3, Shen Hangxian3
(1.Harbin Highway Administration Office, Harbin, 150000;
2. Heilongjiang provincial road transport administration, Harbin, 150000;3.North East Forestry University, Traffic College, Harbin 150040)
Abstract: In order to maintain a reasonable scale of development of taxi ownership, the scale of development of taxis is measured by the balance of supply and demand method, so as to achieve a reasonable distribution of urban passenger transportation resources and meet the travel needs of urban residents. Firstly, the basic principles and calculation steps of the theory of supply and demand balance are sorted out. The final state of supply and demand balance is to achieve the two-way optimal economic and social benefits, calculate the travel demand of passenger taxis, and calculate the total effective mileage of taxis. As well as the vacancy rate, the total number of urban taxis is finally obtained. Finally, the operation of the passenger taxi in Huanan County is taken as an example. According to the passenger taxi operation data, the calculation is based on the supply and demand balance model. The final calculations indicate that the optimal number of taxis in 2020, 2025 and 2030 is expected to be 516, 684 and 896 respectively. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the development of taxi development scale.
Key words: urban transportation; taxi ownership; supply and demand balance method; travel demand
一、引言
城市交通是城市生活的重要紐带,是保证城市居民日常工作和生活出行的重要载体,也是城市化发展的重要标志。出租汽车作为大容量公共交通方式的重要补充,可以弥补公交车通达性的不足,并以其方便、快捷、舒适、灵活的运输服务特点在运输市场中展现出较强的竞争力。出租汽车客运的发展状况也在一定程度上反映了城市的经济发展水平、现代化水平和文明程度。
与此同时,我国的机动车拥有量也急剧增长,而城市道路交通基础设施建设发展相对滞后,导致许多城市出现了明显的交通拥堵现象,在这种情形下,全国各地都开始提倡“公交优先,大力发展公共交通”。出租汽车作为城市公共交通的重要组成部分,在居民出行中发挥着越来越重要的作用,但由于城市道路面积利用紧张、道路容量限制、交通压力的不断加重,对道路占用率较高的出租汽车行业造成了一些不利的影响。因此,合理的出租汽车拥有量不仅能使出租汽车行业始终保持一种良好的竞争和盈利状态,而且对缓解交通拥堵,促进城市公共交通健康有序发展和优化道路资源配置都有着极为重要的作用。另外,作为分配城市客运交通资源的重要手段,出租汽车运价的调整一直是人们讨论的热点话题,运价的调整关系到政府、出租汽车公司、驾驶员和居民三方的利益,如何能够通过运价来改变居民的出行特征和出行需求,使得出行需求在各种交通方式的分配上能够达到平衡。