体型管理的发展及其对健康衰老的意义
2019-06-20孙文佳李华
孙文佳 李华
[摘要]体型是人体魅力的重要体现,其外观维度和体内成分随年龄增长不断发生变化。健康的衰老应该包括:健康的认知和生理功能、较高的生活参与度和健康的情感体验等。体型管理反应了人们的审美需求和健康需求,对健康衰老具有重要意义。本文回顾了体型测量和分型方法的发展历史,探讨了体型的测量指标及其随衰老过程的变化,分析了遗传因素、生活方式及生活史等对体型的影响,认为针对国人体型管理的调查及研究具有很好的发展前景,将成为衰老领域新的研究热点。
[关键词]体型管理;健康衰老;体型分型;测量方法;影响因素
[中图分类号]R339.3+8 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2019)06-0020-04
Abstract: Body shape is an important manifestation of human body charm, and its appearance dimension and body composition change with age. Healthy aging should include healthy cognitive and physiological functions, higher life participation and healthy emotional experience. Body shape management reflects people's aesthetic needs and health needs and is of great significance to healthy aging. This paper reviews the history of body shape measurement and classification methods; discusses the measurement indexes of body shape and its changes with the aging process; analyzes the influence of genetic factors, lifestyle and life history on body shape. The investigation of human body shape management has a good development prospect and will become a new research hot spot in the field of aging.
Key word: managements of body shape; healthy aging; subtypes of body shape; method of measurement; etiology
体型是人体魅力的重要体现,随着年龄的增长,人的体型在外观维度和体内成分上不断发生变化[1]。当前社会随着人口平均寿命的延长,衰老的管理成为热点话题。人们对衰老的期盼不再限于年龄的延长,更关注生命质量的提高。因此,寻求一种健康的衰老方式具有重要的研究意义。在过去的半个世纪里,研究者们提出了众多关于衰老概念的理论,如“成功衰老(successful aging)[2]”、“有效衰老(effective aging)[3]”、“最佳衰老(optimal aging)[4]”等。在回顾文献并结合临床实践的基础上,笔者认为,健康的衰老应该包括:健康的认知和生理功能、较高的生活参与度、健康的情感体验等。衰老是不可避免的,但通过有效的管理可以优化衰老,获得高质量的生活。而体型变化作为衰老的一个重要表现引起了人们的关注,对体型的管理不仅体现了人们对审美的需求,也是对健康的需求,与健康衰老息息相关。本文中,笔者将探討以下几方面内容:①体型的测量与分型;②体型的测量指标及其随衰老过程的变化;③影响体型的因素;④体型管理及对健康衰老的意义。
1 体型的测量与分型
体型的测量与分型是研究体型的基础,其测量指标与方法经历了一系列的发展,早期的一些医学家如Hippocrates、Viola、Kretschmer等根据体格的外形观察,结合少量的测量特征,将人体体型定性地分为几类,如瘦长型、矮胖型、中间型等[5]。Stunkard等学者在此基础上提出Stunkard Figure Rating Scale法,将不同性别的体型划分为1~9个等级(1=最瘦,9=最胖),并给出对应的图形,受试者可将根据图形选出最符合的数字。这些方法操作简单,适用于大范围的人群调查,但是仅定性地描述了各类体型部分特征,缺乏准确性和全面性[6]。1940年美国学者Sheldon首次建立了1个连续的体型分类系统,他借用胚胎学术语将人体成分分为3种,内胚型成分表示脂肪,中胚型成分表示机体骨骼肌肉系统,外胚型成分表示身体的瘦高程度,根据占主要地位的成分将体型分为内胚层型、中胚层型、外胚层型,为建立连续性的体型分类取得突破[7]。Heath和Carter对Sheldon的方法进行了改进,提出Heath-Carter体型测量法,将体型的三种成分用3个数字来表示,通过一定的人体测量手段,对三种成分进行评定,得到3个分值,组合在一起代表了人的体型特征,这是目前临床上应用最为广泛的一种体型评价方法,简单易行、相对客观和准确[8]。近十年来,随着计算机技术的发展,3D光子扫描为体型的测量提供了新的思路,该技术利用一系列环绕人体的摄像机来捕捉人体表面信息,然后通过计算机算法可重建各种体型指标,不仅包括线性尺寸,还可重建各种横截面面积,它的优势在于能够评估单个指标在人体的分布,在研究肥胖等代谢疾病中发挥不可替代的作用,在客观和准确性上达到了一个新高度[9-11]。
2 体型的测量指标及其随衰老过程的变化
从测量指标上讲,目前对体型的测量主要分为两大类,一是对人体维度的测量,常用的指标有身高、体重、身高体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰围(waist circumference,WC)、臀围(hip circumference,HC)、腰围/臀围比(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)、皮肤皱褶、颈围等(见表1);二是对人体成分的测量,如脂肪、水分、骨密度、肌肉量/蛋白含量等。大量研究显示,脂肪在衰老过程中发挥重要的作用[17],目前研究认为与健康风险关系更为密切的是脂肪的分布而不是数量,流行病学调查显示中心性肥胖与糖尿病、心血管疾病等多种疾病的发病率及死亡率密切相关[14]。骨密度也是临床重要的检测指标之一,它与骨质疏松型骨折密切相关,且随着年龄的增加呈现下降趋势[18]。
3 影响体型的因素
体型随衰老的改变是一个复杂的生物过程,受到多种因素的影响,包括遗传因素、生活方式以及生活史等,阐明其机制可为体型管理、健康衰老提供指导。
3.1 遗传因素
3.1.1 性别:性别差异是影响体型非常重要的因素,这种影响贯穿人类整个生命周期。微妙的差异在儿童早期就已经开始体现,在青春期时变得更加明显,其中原因可能是由于性激素的变化[23]。青春期以后,性别差异造成的体型差异在成年后的整个生命过程中基本保持不变。女性在年轻时倾向于沙漏型身材,大腿和臀部的脂肪比例高于腰部,在老年期,通常是绝经后,女性的脂肪储存更多地转移到腰部以上。而男性,随着年龄的增长,体型的变化表现为腰围会缓慢而稳定地增加。因此,在老年期,男性和女性在体型上的差异会减少[24-26]。
3.1.2 人种:不同人种或民族在体型分布上存在显著差异,这可能与基因[27],社会地位、经济条件、宗教信仰和社会认同等相关。有研究表明,在英格兰地区,南亚人患2型糖尿病的概率是高加索人的1.5~2倍[28],中心型肥胖在南亚中也更常见,尤其是巴基斯坦女性,这可能与伊斯兰教影响下的饮食习惯相关,他们往往摄入较多饱和脂肪和碳水化合物,水果、蔬菜和膳食纤维则较低。文化和宗教的影响被认为大于个人动机的影响,如对自身理想身材的追求。因此,健康认知和饮食教育在该类型的体型管理中扮演了重要角色[29-31]。
3.1.3 肥胖家族史:研究表明,肥胖家族史与肥胖风险增加相关。在不同人群中进行的大型家庭研究显示,父母与子女之间及兄弟姐妹之间成年后的BMI均具有相关性,且这些相关性主要归因于遗传影响,而不是共同环境的影响,但随着年龄的增长,遗传因素的影响有减少的趋势[32-34]。
3.2 生活方式
3.2.1 饮食习惯:饮食习惯是影响体型最重要的因素之一,其受到个人经济状况、宗教、社会文化、受教育程度的影响。高热量食物的过度摄入是肥胖的重要诱因。但是,目前在年轻人群中,尤其是女性,为了控制体重,采取一些极端的饮食方式,如极度减少热量摄入,采用催吐剂、利尿剂或灌肠等强迫性行为,这些行为是不可取的,合理的膳食联合适度的运动是健康的体型管理方式[35-37]。
3.2.2 运动习惯:随着年龄的增长,人体的肌肉和骨骼含量呈现减少的趋势[38],这将导致体力下降、易疲劳,增加跌倒和骨折的风险。这给老年人正常独立生活的能力造成巨大的威胁,目前尚无有效的药物治疗方法。但在一些文献中表明,适度的运动可以增加肌肉中氨基酸的代谢,剧烈的运动可以刺激肌肉、肌腱和骨生长,促进蛋白合成[39],流行病学证据也显示经常运动的人比久坐不动的人更容易保持更高水平的骨骼和肌肉含量[40]。另外,体育锻炼也会影响人的大脑形态,提高记忆力与认知水平,这在老年人中尤其明显[41]。由此可见,良好的运动习惯对保持体型,促进健康衰老有着重要的意义。
3.2.3 吸烟:吸烟与心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病和多种恶性肿瘤相关,是造成疾病和死亡的重要因素[42]。目前認为,吸烟与体重增加呈负相关,吸烟不会进一步增加男性中心性肥胖,但可能导致肌肉含量减少[43]。而在女性中,吸烟与中心肥胖的发展有关[44],尼古丁成瘾在其中发挥重要作用[45]。
3.3 生活史:目前认为与体型相关的生活史包括婚姻史、生育史、受教育史等。流行病学调查研究表明,结婚年龄、受教育程度与肥胖风险呈负相关[46-48],而生育次数则与肥胖风险呈正相关,在怀孕5次或5次以上的妇女中,这一因素尤为显著[49]。
4 体型管理及其对衰老的意义
体型与衰老是一种复杂的双向关系,保持良好的体型对健康衰老有很大意义。一方面,随着年龄的增加,人体的新陈代谢下降,对营养的需求降低;生理系统的退化,影响人体对刺激的识别、处理和适应性反应,影响人的进食行为从而影响营养摄食,导致体型的改变。另一方面,营养的失衡也会对人体的行动力和认知水平造成影响,营养不良的主要影响为肌肉量的减少[50]、骨质减少[51]、免疫功能障碍[52]等,而肥胖的影响主要造成如糖尿病、高脂血症等代谢性疾病及骨质疏松性骨折、卒中、痴呆等相关并发症[17,19],导致行动力和认知水平的改变,成为健康衰老的重要阻碍因素。体型管理对健康衰老的意义是不言而喻的,根据前文的论述,笔者认为合理的饮食习惯、适度的运动以及健康教育的普及是保持健康体型的重要举措。不同人群、不同性别、不同年龄段对体型管理的目标有很大差别,然而目前我国人口的体型测量及相关因素领域的研究资料尚不完善,提出对我国人民具有针对性的体型管理建议有一定的困难,但其社会意义重大,将成为衰老领域新的研究热点。
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[收稿日期]2019-03-12
本文引用格式:孫文佳,李华.体型管理的发展及其对健康衰老的意义[J].中国美容医学,2019,28(6):20-23.