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❶探究宾语从句

2019-03-26江苏陈传光

疯狂英语·新策略 2019年7期
关键词:陈述句连接词中考题

江苏 陈传光

◎要点梳理

宾语从句是一种名词性从句,指在复合句中作及物动词、介词及某些形容词(如glad、sorry、sure、happy、afraid等)的宾语的分句。

要学好英语的宾语从句,必须注意下列几个问题:

一、宾语从句的连接词

1.that:陈述句作宾语从句时,用that连接。that无词意,不作句子成分,常可省略。例如:

The old man felt(that)he could hardly breathe.这位老人感觉自己几乎不能呼吸。

2.whether/if:一般疑问句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句作宾语从句时,用whether/if连接。whether/if无词意,不作句子成分,但不可以省略。例如:

The tiger asked the mousedeer if he could wear the belt.老虎问鼷鹿他能不能系上腰带。

Do you know whether she has seen him or not?你知道她是否见过他吗?

3.who、what、which、whose、when、where、why、how:特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,用疑问词作连接词,从句用陈述句式。连接代词(副词)有词意,作从句的句子成分,不可以省略。例如:

He asked me when Helen was born.他问我海伦是什么时候出生的。

Can you tell me what she is doing?你能告诉我她在做什么吗?

二、宾语从句的语序

1.陈述句作宾语从句时,用连接词that连接,that可省略。语序不变,即仍用陈述语序。例如:

I hear (that)he has learned English before.我听说他以前学过英语。

2.一般疑问句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句作宾语从句时,用连接词whether/if连接,语序变为陈述句语序。例如:

Can you tell me if Uncle Li lives here?你能告诉我李叔叔是否住在这里?

3.特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,疑问词变为连接词,连接词之后用陈述语序。例如:

Tell me what they look like.告诉我他们长什么样。

三、宾语从句的时态

宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态通常由主句中的谓语动词的时态来确定。

1.当主句中的谓语动词的时态是一般现在时、一般将来时、现在完成时或主句是祈使句时,从句中的谓语动词可用实际需要的时态。例如:

Do you know where our Chinese teacher is?你知道我们的语文老师在哪里吗?

He will tell us that he has been able to look after himself.他会告诉我们他已经能够照顾好自己了。

2.当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句的谓语动词需要用含有“过去”概念的四种时态中的一种(即用表示过去的适当时态)。例如:

I knew he preferred dancing.我知道他更喜欢跳舞。

Tom said he had listened to the music.汤姆说他听过这个音乐。

3.当宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、普遍真理或引用格言、谚语时,不论主句用什么时态,从句都要用一般现在时态。例如:

He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光比声音传播得更快。

She said that two heads are better than one.她说三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

四、宾语从句的否定前移

当主句的谓语为think、guess、suppose、believe等动词且主语为第一人称时,从句若表示否定,一般要将否定词not转移到主句的谓语之前。例如:

I don't think that he will come this evening.我想他今晚不会来。

We don't believe that he can finish this difficult task in half an hour.我们相信他不能在半小时之内完成这项艰巨的任务。

【注意】从句时态不为一般现在时或主语不是第一人称时,否定不转移。例如:

I thought that he wouldn't come back soon.我原以为他不会回来得这么快。

He thinks that he isn't fit for the job.他认为自己不适合这份工作。

五、宾语从句的简化方式

含有宾语从句的复合句可转化为简单句,其意思不变。简化宾语从句常见的方法:

1.改为“v.+不定式(短语)”形式。当主句谓语是hope、agree、choose、wish、decide、promise等动词且主句和从句的主语相同时,宾语从句可转换为“v.+不定式(短语)”形式。例如:

He hopes that he will be back very soon.→ He hopes to be back very soon.他希望他能快点回来。

2.改为“疑问词+不定式(短语)”形式。

当主句的谓语是ask、tell、forget、remember等动词时,宾语从句可转化成“疑问词+不定式(短语)”形式。例如:

Could you tell me how I can get to the station?→Could you tell me how to get to the station?你能告诉我车站怎么走吗?

3.改为“it+形容词+不定式(短语)”形式。例如:

I found that it was difficult to learn English well.→I found it difficult to learn English well.我发现学好英语是困难的。

4.改为“宾语+v.-ing”形式。例如:

The girl found that there was a watch lying on the ground.→The girl found a watch lying on the ground.那姑娘发现地上有块手表。

5.改为名词(短语)。例如:

I'll take back what I said.→I'll take back my words.我将收回我的话。

Could you tell us how we can get to the museum?→Could you tell us the way to the museum?你能告诉我去博物馆的路吗?

6.改为v.-ing形式。例如:

I remember that I have told her the truth.→I remember telling her the truth.我记得我把真相告诉了她。

7.改为过去分词(短语)。例如:

Soon they found that the ground was covered with thick snow.→Soon they found the ground covered with thick snow.他们很快发现地面被厚雪覆盖了。

The teacher found that the boy was very interested in maths.→The teacher found the boy very interested in maths.老师发现这男孩对数学很感兴趣。

◎考例呈现

1.—Can you describe ________?

—Yes.I was walking when a bike kncoked me down from behind.

【2018·常州中考题】

A.why did the accident happen

B.when did the accident happen

C.how the accident happened

D.where the accident happened

【答案与解析】C 宾语从句要用陈述语序,可排除A、B两项。由答语“我正走着的时候,一辆自行车从后面撞了我。”可知,本句询问的是“事故是怎么发生的?”。故选C项。

2.—Could you tell me ________you'd like me to pay you?

—You'd better use mobile payment.I don’t care ________it is Ali Pay or WeChat Pay.

【2018·广东中考题】

A.how;whether B.how;why

C.what;whether D.what;why

【答案与解析】A句意:——你能告诉我你想要我如何付款吗?——最好用手机支付,我不介意你是用支付宝还是用微信。第一空根据语境可知应意为“怎样(表方式)”,用how;第二空whether...or...意为“是……还是……”。故选A项。

3.—Amy,could you please tell me________the new pen?

—Oh,I bought it in the shop near my home.

【2018·梧州中考题】

A.where did you buy

B.when did you buy

C.where you bought

D.when you bought

【答案与解析】C 宾语从句要用陈述语序,排除A、B两项。根据答语“Oh,I bought it in the shop near my home.”可知,问句是询问买这支新钢笔的地点。故选C项。

4.We all know that light ________faster than sound.

【2018·天水中考题】

A.travels B.to travel

C.travelling D.travelled

【答案与解析】A 句意:我们都知道光比声音传播得更快。“光比声音传播得快”是一个客观事实,宾语从句要用一般现在时。故选A项。

5.—I wonder ________.

—I'm not sure yet.

【2018·武汉中考题】

A.which is hers

B.which hers is

C.whether is it hers

D.whether hers it is

【答案与解析】A句意:——我想知道哪个是她的。——我尚不确定。此处的which既作引导词又作宾语从句的主语。连接词作主语时,主谓不倒装。故选A项。

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