基于单元整体教学设计探索语篇创设的适切方法
2019-03-11孙晓涛
孙晓涛
在坚持交际语言教学时代的基本理念和原则的同时,我们应该因地制宜,创造性地运用各种教学方法开展教学。(张荣干等,2016)2018年3月,湛江市教育局开展PEP小学英语单元整体教学设计评比活动,要求教师认真研读教材,以单元为单位,适度整合教材,开发出有效适切的教学设计。笔者积极践行和探索单元整体教学设计的理论和实践,参与比赛和评比,发现多数教师忽略了语篇教学,导致语言教学的碎片化。本文将以PEP小学英语四年级上册Unit 3“My friends”的单元整体教学设计为例,探讨在单元整体教学中创设语篇的适切方法。
一、统析文本,实现语篇创设的整体性
笔者了解本单元的前后关联知识点,细心研读主单元图,把握本单元的核心句型,确定语篇主题。主情景图的语篇主题是Guessing Friends。提供以下模板,让学生自由讨论:Do you know who are their good friends?He is Zhang Peng. He is/ has . He is s friend.
确定单元主题后,笔者把本单元整合成5个课时。
第一课时话题:Johns Chinese Friend.学习板块:A.Lets Talk/ Sing,Main Scene.(1)语言知识:初步学习在语境中理解生词his, friendly, strong的意思,并能正确发音;在语境中初步运用句型Whats his/ her name? His/ Her name is...询问并回答,能在语境中恰当运用功能句Hes/ Shes tall and ... 描述人的外貌特征。(2)语言技能与运用:能够在图片和教师的帮助下理解对话大意;能够用正确的语音、语调朗读对话,并能进行角色表演。(3)情感态度、文化意识:“Treasure your friendship”,能够了解外貌描述中的文化禁忌。
第二课时话题:Johns Foreign Friends.学习板块:A.Lets Learn/ Chant & C.Story Time.(1)语言知识:巩固和尝试在语境中运用tall and strong,short and thin, friendly, quiet;能在语境中熟练运用句型Hes/ Shes ... Who is he/she? His/ Her name is ... 介绍人物的外貌和名字。(2)语言技能与运用:能根据图片正确替换单词或词组;能够准确听音完成语篇。(3)情感态度、文化意识:“Friends should help each other.”
第三课时话题:Os Friend.学习板块:Lets Spell.(1)语言知识:能够感知归纳字母组合o-e在单词中发长音/?藿u/的规则。(2)语言技能与运用:能够根据发音拼写出符合o-e发音规则的单词;能够朗读课文中的小歌谣;能区别o-e和o的不同发音规则。(3)情感态度、文化意识:“Share happiness with your friends.”
第四课时话题:Mikes Friend.学习板块:B Lets Talk/ Learn,Lets Check.(1)语言知识:在语境中熟练运用第三人代词he/ she、物主代词his/her和动词has;正确掌握hair, glasses,shoes的音、形、义,能区别单数、复数词组;能在语境中灵活运用句型讨论朋友:He/ She is ... He/ She has ... His/Her bag is ... His/ Her shoes are ... 进一步了解和运用一般疑问句;能在语境中掌握运用who引导的疑问句。(2)语言技能与运用:能通过猜图片、预测及找关键信息理解对话内容;能从竞猜游戏及对话留白中完成语篇;能根据模板完成新的语篇。(3)情感态度、文化意识:“Keep good habits!Dont tease others!”
第五课时话题:Guessing Friends.学习板块:Read & write, Main Scene.(1)语言知识:能读懂图中四组句子并与图中的人物正确匹配;能夠按意群和正确的语音语调朗读四组句子;能在有意义的语境中抄写单元的话题词汇并将句子补充完整;能综合运用本单元的核心词句。(2)语言技能与运用:能通过读图获取信息;能通过文本学习,学会一些简单的阅读策略,如:画出关键句、带着问题阅读文本等;能学习课前作业,用正确的语言描述自己的好朋友。(3)情感态度、文化意识:“Dont judge the book by its cover.”
二、细化文本,实现语篇创设的逻辑性
PEP小学英语教材每个单元都包含以下板块:主情景图、词汇板块、对话板块、语音板块、操练板块及故事板块。确定单元主题和各课时话题后,充分研读各板块,厘清内在联系,注意前后衔接;细化板块中已有的语篇,厘清上下文的逻辑,适当整合,才能更好地提升课堂效率。除了精心设计每节课的导入语外,笔者还捋直了对话板块的语篇逻辑。
A Lets Talk对话以两个场景、三个对话轮展开。第一场景:家门口。John 放学回到家,迫不及待地告诉妈妈:“Mum, I have a new friend. ”(开启话轮)妈妈很开心地应和:“Really?A Chinese friend?”(承接话轮)John 做了肯定回答,并描述了新朋友的第一个特征:Hes very friendly. 第二场景:书房。John打开照片给妈妈看,妈妈自然问起:“Whats his name?”(话轮的转换)“His name is Zhang Peng.”(承接话轮)通过相片和自己的对比,John 不禁感叹:“Look!Hes tall and strong. ”(开启新话轮)妈妈答:“Yes, he is.”这样我们可以用板书整理Zhang Peng的形象,生成一个语篇:Hello,Mum. I have a Chinese friend. His name is Zhang Peng. He is tall and strong. He is very friendly.
B Lets Talk对话以一个场景、三个话轮展开。场景:教室,课间。Mike与John 谈起他的好朋友:“Hi, John. I have a good friend.”(開启话轮)“A boy or girl?”(由A部分的一般疑问句变成选择疑问句)“A boy. Hes tall and thin.”(巩固句型“He is...”)John猜测:“Who is he? Zhang Peng?”(开启第二个话轮)由于没猜对,Mike补充了朋友更鲜明的信息:“He has glasses and his shoes are blue.”(增加句型表达)自然开启第三个话轮的猜测:“Is he Wu Yifan?”“Yes,youre right.”由此产生一个新语篇:He is tall and thin. He has short hair. His glasses are blue. He has a green bag. His shoes are blue. His name is Wu Yifan. He is Mikes good friend.
三、优化文本,实现语篇创设的合理性
PEP教材中词汇板块、语音板块是没有显性的语篇呈现的,没有更多的绘本资源辅助。笔者根据本单元主题、课时分话题和课本插图,调整板块内部的顺序,利用可以利用的资源,最大程度优化文本,达到语篇创设的合理性。
1. 词汇教学的过程
根据第二课时话题“Johns Foreign Friends”,挖掘课本插图和调整原有的文本呈现顺序,分别创设了四个人物的小语篇。
Amy的小语篇,先由听力引入:“She has long hair. She is friendly. She is from the UK.Whats her name?”引出Amy 的图片,重点教学friendly.
Sam的小语篇,通过观察图片,问题导入,构成小语篇,重点教学quiet:
Who is he?→ Hes Sarahs brother.
Whats his name?→His name is Sam.
Whats he like?→ He is short. He is quiet.
Lily的小语篇,利用教材中chant的内容,镂空重点词汇,让学生填写,学习运用“Shes....”描述朋友。
Tim的小语篇,利用教材中chant 的内容,镂空重点词汇,让学生听音填写有关Tim 的内容,而后呈现chant 中的文本内容进行诵读。
2. 语音教学的过程
根据第三课时话题“Os friend”,重点学习字母o的长音发音,结合字母o的短音发音,创设四个发展递进的故事语篇。
通过听力,温习字母o的短音发音,呈现o的“old friend”的语篇:
The dog is on the box.
The orange box.
See the dog, see the box,
See the dog on the orange box.
由以上环节引出找字母O的new friend的任务,听音,引出主人公Mr. Jones,逐步呈现语篇2:
Old Mr. Jones, put the Coke on the note.
Old Mr. Jones, put the note on his nose.
Old Mr. Jones, put the Coke on the note.
Can old Mr. Jones put his nose on his toes?
由以上环节引出带任务的语篇:Why does Mr. Jones go to meet his friends? Because today is his birthday. They prepare a big surprise for him. But we must help Mr. Jones finish the 4 tasks,then he can get it. 呈现任务表。(表略)
完成以上任务后,出现一张去广州的火车票,呈现带任务的语篇(见下图):Mr. Jones and his friends are very happy. They can take a trip to Guangzhou. But in the train station, they fall down, their clothes are in a mess. Can you put them in the right box?