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视角独特,才能多面
—— 英国当代女导演萨莉·波特和她的电影

2019-01-29宋云峰编写

英语学习(上半月) 2019年1期
关键词:探戈珍妮特酒会

∷宋云峰 编写

一、多面的艺术才能

萨莉·波特(Sally Potter)1949年出生于英国伦敦,母亲是位音乐教师,父亲则是位室内装潢设计师和诗人,均为无神论者。这样的家庭背景对波特的审美趣味和才能爱好影响很大。当被问及其家庭背景如何影响她后来的电影创作时,波特说:“I came from an atheist(无神论者)background and an anarchist(无政府主义者)background,which meant that I grew up in an environment that was full of questions, where nothing could be taken for granted.”

14岁时,叔父给了她一个8毫米摄影机,于是波特开始通过拍摄电影来自娱自乐。20世纪70年代初,波特加入了伦敦电影人协会(London Film-Makers’ Co-op),开始制作实验性短片;后来她又在伦敦当代舞蹈学院(London Contemporary Dance School)接受培训,成为了一名舞蹈演员和舞美设计师。

由于她的舞蹈天分和刻苦努力,波特成为了一位舞蹈表演家和戏剧导演,她参演和导演的戏剧舞蹈也获得嘉奖,例如《死亡与少女》(Death and the Maiden)和《柏林》(Berlin)。除此之外,波特还担任几个流行乐队的歌词作家和歌手。更令人惊奇的是,她还与作曲家林赛·库珀(Lindsay Cooper)为巡演歌曲《啊,莫斯科》(“Oh Moscow”)共同谱曲。该曲在20世纪80年代后期在俄罗斯乃至整个欧洲和北美巡演并被录制成歌曲发行。由此看来,后来波特为自己创作的电影《奥兰多》(Orlando)配乐,为《探戈课》(The Tango Lesson)谱曲并演唱就不足为奇了。

在谈到舞蹈表演和舞美设计生涯对自己创作电影的影响时,波特评论道:“Choreography(编舞/舞美设计)was the perfect ‘poor theatre.’ All you needed were willing bodies and some space. So it was as a choreographer that I learnt how to direct and it was as a dancer that I learnt how to work.”

二、《奥兰多》(Orlando, 1992)

作为电影导演,波特引起国际影坛的注意是在1992年——她费时多年、呕心沥血改编并导演的故事片《奥兰多》获得了国际发行权和广泛赞誉。影片改编自英国作家弗吉尼娅·伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)的同名小说,由英国著名女演员蒂尔达·斯温顿(Tilda Swinton)主演。在此之前,人们普遍认为这种改编是不可能的,因为故事的跨度长达400年,讲述了主人公从男性变为女性的心路历程。但波特的改编却大获成功,获得了两项奥斯卡奖提名和另外25个国际电影节奖项,其中包括欧洲电影学会为最佳欧洲青年电影设立的费利克斯奖和圣彼得堡国际电影节一等奖。

根据电影的主题和风格,人们往往将《奥兰多》视作一部女权主义(feminist)电影,但波特却拒绝给这部影片贴上任何标签。她宣称,之所以拍摄这部电影,是因为想要展现男性和女性各自面对的困难。在接受采访时,波特进一步阐释了滥用女权主义标签的坏处:“I have come to the conclusion that I can’t use that term in my

work. Not because of a disavowal(否认)of the underlying principles that gave birth to that word—the commitment to liberation, dignity, equality. But it has become a trigger word(触发词)that stops people’s thinking. You literally see people’s eyes glaze over with exhaustion(疲惫)when the word flashes into the conversation.”

精彩台词

French vs English

[speaking in French]

Princess Sasha:You speak French?

Orlando:A bit. But most of the English(英国人)can’t... don’t want to speak other languages.

Princess Sasha:But how do they communicate with foreigners?

Orlando:They speak English louder.

Real Man vs Real Woman

Orlando:If I were a man...

Shelmerdine:You?

Orlando:I might choose not to risk my life for an uncertain cause. I might think that freedom won by death is not worth having. In fact...

Shelmerdine:You might choose not to be a real man at all. Say, if I were a woman...

Orlando:You?

Shelmerdine:I might choose not to sacrifice my life caring for my children, nor my children’s children,nor to drown anonymously(默默无闻地)in the milk of female kindness, but instead, say, to go abroad. Would I then be...

Orlando:A real woman?

三、《探戈课》(The Tango Lesson,1996)

1996年波特发行了她的第二部故事片《探戈课》。在影片中,她与著名舞蹈家巴勃罗·沃伦合作出演男女主人公,表现男女舞蹈者在双人舞合作过程中的肢体互动和心理冲突。《探戈课》在威尼斯电影节上首映,并接连在阿根廷、英国和美国的电影节或评奖会上获得好评或奖项。实际上,《探戈课》的情节是基于波特本人在创作《愤怒》(Rage)期间向舞蹈家沃伦学习阿根廷探戈舞的个人经历,可以视为一部探讨性别角色的差异与冲突的半自传性电影。

《探戈课》也是波特的电影表演处女作,影片以黑白的形式呈现,具有很强的个性风格。关于决定自导自演这件事,波特说是出自对舞蹈艺术强烈的爱好:“I knew that I had to perform in this one because the impetus(冲动)for the film came out of my own desire to dance.”波特与沃伦的专业舞蹈合作延续到她后来的电影《纵情四海》(The Man Who Cried, 2000)和舞台剧《卡门》(Carmen, 2007)。

《探戈课》海报

精彩台词

Identity

Pablo:I am a dancer. And a Jew.

Destiny

Sally:How did you choose the tango?

Pablo:I didn’t. The tango chose me.

Leading

Sally:It doesn’t suit me to follow. It suits me to lead,and you can’t deal with that.

四、《我要》(Yes, 2004)

波特于2004年发行了更具实验性的影片《我要》。该片以诗歌的形式呈现了美国遭受“911”恐怖袭击后的种族关系和性别关系。

在影片中,女主人公“她”(She)是一位嫁给虚伪政客安东尼并陷入无爱婚姻的科学家,而“他”(He)则是一位自我放逐、在一家伦敦餐厅打工的黎巴嫩医生。他们在一次宴会上相遇,一见钟情,度过了一段无忧无虑的时光。然而“他”在英国感受到的对穆斯林移民的歧视致使“他”与“她”不辞而别,回到自己的祖国黎巴嫩。“她”则决定刨根问底,追寻“他”离开的缘由。故事由此展开,转为对两性关系的探索。

关于《我要》的有限预算和电影风格,波特作了如下解释:“Originally I was trying to figure out how we could shoot this film without any lights, because there didn’t seem to be enough money in the budget to have any. One solution was to shoot at six frames a second(每秒六格), or even three. Later you print each frame four(or eight) times to bring it into sync(同步)at twenty four frames per second(每秒24格,电影胶片正常的放映速度). You can shoot almost in the dark, and still see people’s faces... we did some tests and found that it was very beautiful; so I decided to make it part of the language of the film.”

精彩台词

How to die

Aunt:If and when I die / I want to see you cry / I want to see you tear your hair / Your howls(嚎叫)of anguish fill the air / I want to see you beat your breast / And rend(用力撕裂)your clothes and all the rest / And, sobbing, fall upon my bed / I want to know that I am dead.

五、《酒会》(The Party, 2017)

波特最近拍摄的影片是2017年上映的《酒会》,影片以室内剧的形式呈现。荣升影子内阁卫生大臣的中年女人珍妮特邀请几位好友到家里来一起庆祝。参加家庭庆祝酒会的包括珍妮特的丈夫、自我否定的大学教授比尔,灵修导师戈特弗里德和他愤世嫉俗的妻子阿普丽尔,在同性伴侣关系中处于强势地位的玛莎和其伴侣、通过体外受精怀了三个孩子的吉尼,以及衣冠楚楚的银行家和瘾君子汤姆。一场庆祝珍妮特升职的酒会把这些所谓的社会精英们聚在了一起,在狭窄的空间里彼此试探、挑衅、周旋,直至每个人的秘密被捅破。影片通过展现人物之间的矛盾和冲突揭示人类生存的荒谬性,讽刺了英国社会精英的脆弱以及知识分子生活的虚伪和混乱。

精彩台词

Hormones(荷尔蒙)and Thinking

Martha:Well, someone has to do the thinking.

Especially now that you are taking care of the animal side of things.

Jinny:Animal? Is that what you think I’ve become? A few more hormones helping my body to support new life, and suddenly I’m an animal?

“Useless”

April:Babies, excuse me Jinny, Martha, babies get born every day in extremely large numbers to the point of endangering(危害)the planet and all our futures. It’s not every day, however, that one of us becomes a minister. In your entirely rotten and useless opposition party(反对党).

综上所述,萨莉·波特是一位才华横溢、视角独特的当代英国女导演。她的电影通过细腻的情节和独特的风格展示人性的优点和缺点,尤其是探讨两性关系的性质和特点。她的影片在丰富英国当代电影的主题和类型方面有着不可忽视的作用。

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