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熟悉句式结构 提高造句能力

2018-12-28

阅读与作文(英语高中版) 2018年8期
关键词:分词连词谓语

语法即语句结构法,对语言规律的专门研究,称为语法学,语法学是研究、描写、解释语法结构规律的科学,是对客观存在着的语法系统的认识和说明。对于语法的学习,由于觉得其“枯燥乏味”,不少学生对语法有着不同程度的畏惧甚至抵触心理,句式结构是语法的一个重要方面,培养学生对句式结构的语法认知能力,对提高造句能力的作用不言而喻。本文选取了句式结构的若干方面作一简述,希望对同学们有所启发。

一、句子成分

英语的句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和独立成分。同一句子成分可以有不同的语法形式,以定语为例,限定词、形容词、名词、副词、分词、介词短语、从句均可充当这一成分;反之,同一形式亦可充当不同的句子成分,例如,that的多种功能表现在国外语法家编造的两个古怪句子中:

I said that that “that” that that man wrote in the sentence was wrong.(H.E.Palmer)

上句中,5个that依次为连词、限定词、所引原文中该词、关系代词、限定词。该句翻译为:我说,那个人在那句里所用的那個that是用错了。

My Lords! - says he with humble submission - THAT that l say is this: that THAT that thatgentleman has advanced, is not THAT, that he should have proved to your Lordships.( Brewer)

上句中,3个that引导的定语从句各限定词前的代词THAT,当中重复4次的that THAT that that(gentleman...)中,第1个和第4个是限定词,分别限定THAT和gentleman,第3个是关系代词;全句相当于:…the point that l make is this: that“THAT”which that gentleman advanced is not themain thing that he should have proved to your Lordships. 该句翻译为:各位大人,他恭恭敬敬地说,我要说的是:那位先生所提出来的那个,并非他本应向各位大人证明的那个事情。

二、句尾重心

从结构上看,主语作为信息传递的出发点,在结构上通常较短、较简单,而谓语作为信息传递的着重点,通常较长、较复杂,这种句构特征叫做“句尾重心”。根据这一原则,为了保持句子的平衡,就要避免句子显得“头轻脚重”,根据相关的语法规则将较长、较复杂的成分置于句尾。例如:

The days are gone when physica/strength was all you needed幻make a/iving.那种仅靠体力劳动就可谋生的日子已经不存在了。(定语从句后置)

Word came that our basketba/l team won again.消息传来,说我们的篮球队又赢了。(同位语从句后置)

It is known to all that practice makes perfect.众所周知,熟能生巧。(主语从句后置)

He doesnt want it to be known that he is going away.他不想让大家知道他要走了。 (宾语从句后置)

He makes it a rule never to borrow money.他的规矩是从不向人借钱。(动词不定式后置)

From the Middle East have radiated the sparks of the world civilizations which have been ablessing to humanity.造福人类的世界文明,正是从中东放射出它的光芒来的。(全句为倒装句,主语部分包含一个定语从句)

三,谓语动词的连接

在一个完整的分句之中,谓语动词是必不可少的成分。同层级的分句之内,两个谓语动词是不能直接并列的,中间必须要用并列连词来连接,或将其中一个改为非谓语动词。例如:

He went bought a book yesterday.

(×)

He went and bought a book yesterday.

(√)

He went to buy a book yesterday.

(√)

同一分句中的动词的连接要如此,两个独立分句的连接也是一样。以“Tom is ill”和“Tomneeds rest.”为例,这两个独立分句的连接有以下途径:

用句号连接:Tom is ill. Tom needs rest.

用分号连接:Tom is ill:he needs rest.

用并列连词连接:Tom is…,and/so he needs rest.

用从属连词连接:Tom needs rest because he is ill.

用非谓语动词:Being ill,Tom needs rest.

四.非谓语动词的使用

若句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,那另一动词则须用非谓语形式。此时就要确定是用过去分词、动名词还是用动词不定式。例如:

You can walk on the Glass Floor and eat at the 3600 Restaurant, _____ (enjoy) the viewof the whole city.

解析:此题连同待填词共有3个动词,其中前面两个是谓语动词,并且之间已有连词连接,所以此处填的应是一个非谓语动词,而主语you与enjoy之间是主动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语,答案为enjoying。

_____ (wait) in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left hiswallet at home.

解析:现在分词用作时间状语,但“等待”发生在“意识到”之前,而且两者之间有一定的时间间隔,所以此处要填现在分词的完成式Having waited。

I sometimes order products or service online to save money and time instead of going to astore and _____ (buy) what Im looking for.

解析:介词后面一般接动名词,而且空格处所填动词要与going并列,故答案为buying。

The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _____ (tell) the film stars had left.

解析:此處的hurried和所给的提示动词之间没有任何连词,所以空格处应填非谓语动词,又因为tell与主语reporters之间为动宾关系,且表示的是一个意料之外的结果,所以应填to be told。

五.话题引入语的运用

在口头交际或书面写作中,常会用到某些具有话题引入作用的短语或句型,以便顺利过渡到将要谈及的话题,从而增强前后内容的衔接性与连贯性。话题引入语的出现是必要的,它能提醒受话者转移注意力,使受话者对即将谈论的话题产生心理预期。这类话题引入语一般翻译为“谈到、说起、回到”,话题被引入后,说话者会就这一话题陈述某种客观事实或发表个人看法。例如:

Coming to his studies, what would you suggest?谈到他的学习,你有什么建议?

Talking/Speaking of bikes, have you seen the latest type?说起自行车,你见过最新的那款吗?

Getting back to the environmental issues mentioned in the first paragraph of this article, thereis no denying that the importance of environmental protection can never be overstated.回到这篇文章第一段提到的环境问题,不可否认,环保的重要性怎么强调也不为过。

While we are on the subject of money, what about the $50 l lent you? 既然我们谈到了钱的问题,我借给你的那50元怎么办?

Joe is not good at sports, but when it comes (down)to mathematics, he is the best in theclass.乔在体育方面不行,但说到数学,他是全班最好的。

需要说明的是,上文中作状语的coming to、talking/speaking of和getting back to均为用作独立成分的非谓语动词,并且属于可以接受的垂悬分词,其逻辑主语一般就是互知的会话双方,所以并不需要遵循“非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常应与句子主语保持一致”的一般性规则。

六、一句多译

简单地说,一句多译就是用不同的词语和句式结构表达同一个意思,其前提是对词汇和语法结构具备一定的认知与运用能力。强化一句多译意识的训练,有助于培养句式转换能力和造句能力。例如,对于“罗马城发生过许多重大的历史性事件”的英语表达,可有以下两种:

Many great historic events happened in Rome.

Rome witnessed many great historic events.

第一种将“事件”作主语,“罗马城”作状语,是常规表达;第二种将“罗马城”作主语,“事件”作宾语,二者之间以动词witness连接,表达效果更优。再如,表达“她因生病未能参加语言学学术会议”时,可有下面四种:

Because she was ill,she did not attend the conference on linguistics.

Because of her illness, she did not attend the conference on linguistics.

Her illness prevented her from attending the conference on linguistics.

Her illness accounted for her absence from the conference on linguistics.

上面四种翻译中,句式结构从复合句变为简单句,主语由具体的人(she)变为抽象概念(illness),但不变的是这四种翻译均体现了“生病”与“未能参会”之间的因果关系,所以翻译句子时,关键是要把握句子内部各要素之间的核心逻辑联系,进而在此基础上寻求句式结构的多样化。

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