抚育经营森林，换得山绿民富

文/吴平

森林是“地球之肺”，是陆地生态系统的主体，是发展现代林业的资源基础，是人类生存发展的重要生态保障。据2014年发布的第八次全国森林资源清查数据，全国森林面积2.08亿公顷，森林覆盖率21.63%，森林蓄积151.37亿立方米。

据联合国粮农组织发布的《2015年全球森林资源评估报告》，我国已成为全球年度森林面积增长最快、森林蓄积稳定增长的国家。在自然林持续增长的基础上，人工林快速发展；森林质量不断提高，森林功能不断由“木材供应基地”向“生态安全屏障”转变。据测算，我国森林生态系统每年提供的主要生态服务价值达12.68万亿元。随着森林的改善与发展，森林植被生物量、涵养水源量、森林碳汇能力等进一步增强。

林业产业总产值从2001年的4090亿元增加到2015年的5.94万亿元，15年增长了13.5倍，对7亿多农村人口脱贫致富作出了重大贡献。

Forest is the “lung of the earth”. It is the subject of terrestrial ecosystem,the resource base for developing modern forestry, and the important ecological guarantee of human survival and development. According to the data of the eighth national forest resource inventory which was released in 2014, the national forest area was 208 million hectares; the forest coverage rate was 21.63%; the forest stock volume was 15.137 billion cubicmeters.

According to2015 Global Forest Resource Assessment Reportby United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, our country has become the country with the fastest growth of annual forest area and stable growth of forest stock in the world. Besides increasing natural forests, plantations are rapidly expanding, and the quality is continuously improving.The forest function transfers from “timber supply base” to “ecological safety barrier”. According to estimation, the main ecological service value which is provided by the forest ecological system in China every year reaches RMB 12.68 trillion. With the development of vegetation biomasss, water conservation quantity and forest carbon sink capacity are further improved.

The total output value of forestry increased from RMB 409 billion in 2001 to RMB 5.94 trillion in 2015, increasing by 13.5 times in 15 years. It made great contribution to overcome poverty and achieve prosperity for more than 700 million rural population.

Forestry reform turns the beautiful scenery into gold and silver mines.State-owned forest farms and forest area are the most important ecological safety barrier. In 2011, 7 provinces, such as Hebei, Zhejiang, etc.were listed as pilots of state-owned forest farm. In 2014, the pilot of stopping commercial clear cutting of natural forests in the key stateowned forest area was launched. In 2015, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the State Council printed and distributed Reform Plan ofState-owned Forest Farm, andReform Guidelines of State-owned Forest Farmto starm the reform comprehensively. Since the reform of collective forest right system in 2008, it has confirmed 2.705 billion mu (1 mu=0.0667 hectares) of land and benefited more than 100 million peasant households directly. The system of forest protection management was ever-improved. Farmers receive material benefits, enterprises win resources ans China gains a sound eco-system.

2011年，河北、浙江等7省被列为国有林场改革试点省。2014年，重点国有林区停止天然林商业性采伐试点启动。2015年，中共中央、国务院印发《国有林场改革方案》和《国有林区改革指导意见》，全面启动国有林场和国有林区改革。自2008年集体林权制度改革以来，全国已确权面积27.05亿亩，让1亿多农户直接受益。林权保护管理体系日益完善，走出了一条“林农得实惠、企业得资源、国家得生态”的生态富民新路。

河北省大名县卫东林场

但森林“提质”迫在眉睫。森林质量不高是我国林业最突出的问题。我国林地生产力低，每公顷蓄积量只有世界平均水平的2／3，影响了生态综合功能的发挥。近几年，我国在植树造林方面花费了大量的人力、物力、财力，造就了世界第一的造林面积。然而生态环境质量并未如预期好转。全国森林质量参差不齐，甚至有1/4的森林处于亚健康和不健康状态。此外，林业发展方式落后、经营管理粗放也是导致森林质量低、造林存活率和成林率低的重要原因。

Improving the quality of forests is urgent. Low forest quality is the most outstanding issue of forestry in China. With low productivity of forest land, the forest stock volume per hectare is only 2/3 of world average level. It influences the development of comprehensive ecological function.In recent years, China has spent a large number of manpower, material resources and financial resources on forestation and achieved the largest forestation area in the world. However, the ecological environment does not turn better as expected. The forests in China are on various levels,and even 1/4 of them are in the state of sub-health and ill-health. In addition, backward forestry development mode and extensive operation and management are the main reasons which cause low forest quality, low forestation survival rate, and low rate of forest forming.

The governance capacity of forestry shall be improved. The concept of forest management system and many standards are not applicable for the demand of development under new trend. There are problems of weak science and technology support, backward information construction, low production mechanization degree, weak talent team, and huge funding gap on public welfare forest for a long time. Most of the relatively concentrated forest regions in our country are located at poor and remote areas where the infrastructures and public utilities of road,power supply, drinking water and communications always lag behind.

林业治理能力有待提高。森林治理体系的理念、许多制度已不适应新形势下林业发展的要求，长期以来，林业科技支撑薄弱、信息化建设滞后、生产机械化程度低、人才队伍薄弱，营林、培育公益林等资金存在巨大缺口。我国相对集中连片的林区多位于老少边穷等地区，林区道路、供电、饮水、通信等基础设施建设和公共事业长期落后。

推进国土绿化“种好树”，应加强天然林资源保护、三北防护林、京津风沙源治理等重点生态工程建设。坚持封山育林、人工造林并举，自然修复与人工修复并重。

提升森林治理能力“护好树”。完善森林法律法规体系，加快修改《森林法》。适度放宽林业管制，突出分类经营、生态优先等原则，推动生态文明建设。建立健全森林资源资产产权制度，完善林业分类经营体制改革，对公益林和商品林实施不同的管理、经营措施。

科学经营森林“管好树”。调整森林结构，构建健康稳定优质高效的森林生态系统。坚持保护优先、自然修复为主，坚持数量质量并重、质量优先。完善天然林保护制度，全面停止天然林商业性采伐。因林施策，针对不同类型、不同发育阶段、不同演替进程的森林，采取更加精准的经营技术措施；公益林严格保育、兼用林多功能经营、商品林集约经营。把森林质量提升作为约束性指标纳入政府目标考核体系。推进政府与社会资本共同筹资的多元投入机制。全面提高造林质量，优化森林树种结构，不断提升森林的多种功能效益。完善相关技术标准规程，强化森林资源保护。

发展林业绿色经济“用好树”。破解高效培育技术瓶颈，提高林木材积生长量。提升林产加工业，不断增强木材和林产品的有效供给能力。大力发展林下经济，增加生态资源和林地产出。打造特色林业产品示范园区,做大做强森林旅游、森林康养等林业服务业。

Promote land greening. We should strengthen the key ecological project constructions, such as the natural forests protection, Three North Shelterbelt management, and Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control,etc. We should enclose the hills for natural afforestation and reforestation. We should pay equal attention to natural restoration and artificial restoration. We should reinforce the construction of energy forest base and cultivate Large-scale energy forests.

Improve forest governance capacity. We should complete forest laws and regulations system, and accelerate to reviseForest Law. We should liberalize forestry controls moderately, highlight the principle of classified management and ecological priority, and promote the construction of ecological civilization. We should establish a sound system of the property rights of resource and assets, perfect the system reform of forestry classified management, and take different management and operation measures for public welfare forests and commercial forests.

Manage forests scientifically. We should adjust forest structure and establish a healthy, stable and efficient forest ecosystem of high quality.We should give priority to protection and natural restoration and pay attention to quantity and quality simultaneously with quality priority.We should improve the protection system of natural forest and stop commercial cutting of natural forest entirely. We should implement policies in accordance to the different forests with different types, developmental stages and progression of succession. We should nurture public welfare forest strictly, undertake diversified management modes for multi-functional forests and manage commercial forests intensively.We should include forest quality improvement as a binding target into evaluation system of the government, and promote the diversified investment mechanism which is co-financed by the government and social capital. We should improve forestation quality comprehensively,optimize tree species structure, and increase multiple functional benefits. We should polish up related technical regulation, and strengthen forest resource protection.

Develop green economy of forestry. We should break the technical bottleneck of efficient cultivation, and increase the forest volume. We should upgrade forest products processing industry and strengthen effective supply capability of timber and forest products continuously. We should strive to develop under-forest economy, and increase ecological resource and forestry output. We should build demonstration zone of characteristic forestry product, and expand the forestry service industry bigger and stronger, such as forest tourism, forest rehabilitation, etc.