沧海云帆 标准领航——中国古代造船业的标准化发展轨迹

文/五花肉

中华文明沿河而起。作为曾经最具战略意义的交通工具和运输工具，船舶的发展与人类社会的进程紧密相连。中国是世界著名的造船古国，造船技术曾长期处于世界领先地位，尤以秦汉、唐宋和明清三个时代最具代表性。

Chinese civilization developed along rivers. Ship was the most strategic transportation vehicle in the past and and its development was closely connected with the progress of human society. Ancient China was well known for leading shipbuilding technique, especially in three periods, which are Qin and Han dynasties, Tang and Song dynasties, and Ming and Qing dynasties.

秦汉初具体系

Initial Step in Qin and Han Dynasties

自新石器时代起，我国就产生了竹筏、独木舟等原始船舶，直至秦汉时期，造船工艺才初具体系、渐趋成熟，楼船就是典型的代表作。

As early as in the Neolithic Age, Chinese people began to make canoes and rafts. During the Qin and Han dynasties, China's shipbuilding technique took initial shape and came into maturity. Castle ship was the typical of that time.

楼船是当时的作战用船，因船上建有重楼而得名。楼船方首无帆，两侧设划桨，每层标配防御矮墙，设置发射弓弩的窗孔，使用舵和桨掌控前进的方向和速度，此举被视为造船史上的重大突破，代表了当时造船技术的最高标准。

Castle ship was the war ship, named for its structure,a ship with deck castle. Without a sail, castle ship had paddles on the both sides, each deck was equipped with bulwarks for defense. It also set up portholes for crossbows, and depended on rudder and paddle to control the direction and speed. The invention of castle ship was regarded as the breakthrough in the history of shipbuilding, was also the symbol for the advanced shipbuilding technique at that time.

唐宋高速发展

Rapid Development in Tang and Song Dynasties

唐宋时期经济繁荣、海上贸易频繁，造船业涌现出大批先进的新工艺。其中，水密隔舱技术被公认为当时最伟大的发明。

The prosperous economy and frequent sea trade during Tang and Song dynasties resulted in a large number of new advanced shipbuilding techniques emerging,among which watertight compartment structure was the greatest human invention.

水密隔舱是指用水密隔板把船舱分成互不相通的独立舱区，即使部分船体破损也不会波及其他舱区，大大增强了整艘船的抗沉性和稳定性。这一技术逐渐成为造船的统一标准，被广泛推广应用，助力中国船只挺进远洋，探索更多的未知世界。

Watertight compartment structure was a technique that split the cabin into compartments to protect vital machinery from flooding in the event of minor leaks, greatly improving the ships' unsinkability and stability. This technique gradually became the unif i ed standard in shipbuilding industry and was widely applied, which helped Chinese ships sail to the ocean and explore the more of the unknown world.

明清开启辉煌

Great Achievements in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明朝郑和下西洋，标志着我国进入了航海史上前所未有的辉煌阶段。郑和船队使用的船只被称为宝船。

Zheng He's voyages in Ming dynasty marked that China stepped into the unprecedented splendid phase in the history of marine navigation. The ship Zheng He used for his epic voyage is named treasure ship.

据《明史》和《瀛涯胜览》记载，宝船的尺度、规格、结构等均有严格的型式规范和统一的工艺标准，可容纳1 000人，挂9桅12帆，是当时世界上最大最先进的船只，最远抵达东非、红海一带，缔造了中华民族的航海传奇。

According to the records in Ming History and Wonders Overseas, the size, scale and distribution of treasure ship followed the strict specification and unified technical standards. Treasure ship could contain 1 000 people, hang 9 masts and 12 sails, was the largest and the most advanced ship in the world at that time, which made Zheng He's voyages to the East Africa and the Red Sea become possible and created the Chinese nation's maritime legend.

结 语

Conclusion

“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”，纵观中国造船产业的历史，从无到有，从工艺到制作，凝聚着劳动人民的不凡智慧，彰显着标准对技术进步的有力支撑，更承载着人类对美好彼岸的梦想与追寻。

"A time will come to ride the wind and cleave the waves to cross the sea, I will set my cloud-white sail and cross the sea which raves." Throughout the history,from nothing to the scale, from craft to manufacture,the development of Chinese shipbuilding industry is the embodiment of human wisdom. It reveals the supporting role of standards in facilitating technical progress and carries the mankind's dream and pursuit of getting to the beautiful other shore of the ocean.