依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀对STEMI患者发生心血管不良事件的影响
2018-09-10张焕基陈怡锡吴智文伍贵富
张焕基 陈怡锡 吴智文 伍贵富
【摘要】目的评估依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀强化调脂治疗是否可以减少急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者PCI术后的心血管不良事件。方法将128例STEMI患者分为实验组(依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀组,78例)及对照组(瑞舒伐他汀组,50例),2组均给予瑞舒伐他汀20 mg,1周后实验组予依折麦布10 mg、每日1次,联合瑞舒伐他汀10 mg、每晚1次;对照组予瑞舒伐他汀10 mg、每晚1次。2组均同时给予双联抗血小板阿司匹林+替格瑞洛、美托洛尔、培哚普利。随访1年,观察终点为心血管死亡、心肌梗死,比较2组的调脂疗效,统计因不稳定心绞痛门诊就诊次数。结果治疗1年后,实验组LDL-C、总胆固醇均较对照组低(P均<0.05)。实验组有1例因死亡终止随访。存活的患者中,实验组因不稳定心绞痛而就诊的人数明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。2组均无因肝功能损害等不良反应而需要停止药物治疗者。结论依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀强化调脂治疗可以减少急性STEMI患者的不稳定心绞痛的发生次数。
【关键词】依折麦布;瑞舒伐他汀;急性心肌梗死
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate whether ezetimibe combined with rosuvastatin intensive lipid-lowering therapy can decrease the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MethodsA total of 128 STEMI patients were divided into the experimental (ezetimibe combined with rosuvastatin, n=78) and control groups (rosuvastatin,n=50).Patients in both groups were administered with rosuvastatin at a dose of 20 mg. One week later, ezetimibe was given at a dose of 10 mg once daily, supplemented with rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg once every night in the experimental group. In the control group, rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg was administered once each night. All patients received dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin plus ticagrelor, metoprolol and perindopril. All patients were followed up for 1 year. Cadiovascular death and myocardial infarction were considered as the endpoint events. The clinical efficacy of lipid lowering was statistically compared between two groups. The frequency of outpatient due to unstable angina was recorded. ResultsAfter 1-year treatment, the levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol in the experimental group were significantly lower compared with those in the control group (both P<0.05). In the experimental group, one patient was lost to follow-up due to death. In the experimental group, the frequency of outpatient due to unstable angina was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05). In both groups, no patient terminated the medication therapy due to liver function damage and alternative adverse reactions. ConclusionEzetimibe combined with rosuvastatin intensive lipid-lowering therapy can decrease the onset and frequency of unstable angina in patients with acute STEMI.
【Key words】Ezetimibe;Rosuvastatin;Acute myocardial infarction
近幾十年来,随着我国生活水平的改善及饮食起居模式的变化,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)已成为威胁我国人民健康的主要杀手。尤其是冠心病导致的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI),其起病急及致死致残的危害给家庭及社会带来很大的负担及冲击[1]。他汀类药物及抗血小板药物的标准化治疗,胸痛中心的建设及急诊PCI手术显著改善了STEMI患者的预后。有研究表明联合不同作用机制的调脂药物,可能会在进一步调脂的基础上改善患者的心血管事件[2-3]。依折麦布是一种口服、强效的调脂药物,本品附着于小肠绒毛刷状缘,抑制胆固醇的吸收,从而降低小肠中的胆固醇向肝脏的转运速度,降低肝脏胆固醇贮量,增加血液中胆固醇的清除率[4-5]。但笔者见在STEMI患者中依折麦布的相关研究较少,故进行了本研究,主要评估了在STEMI患者中采用依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀与瑞舒伐他汀单药治疗相比,前者是否可以进一步改善心血管预后。
对象与方法
一、研究对象
收集2014年6月至2016年6月在我院胸痛中心处理的在急诊行PCI的STMEI患者共128例,且门球时间在2 h内,急诊PCI治疗均成功,开通了罪犯血管。128例均符合以下纳入及排除标准,纳入标准:①必须符合STMEI心电图改变(持续的ST段抬高≥0.1 mV,新的Q波或左束支传导阻滞),肌钙蛋白或CK-MB升高;②均对本研究知情同意。排除标准:①入组前24 h,发生血流动力学事件(低血压,肺水肿/充血性心力衰竭、急性二尖瓣反流,急性心室间隔缺损);②已经安排接受冠状动脉搭桥;③活动性肝病或持续不明原因的血清转氨酶升高(≥2×ULN);④有酒精或药物滥用史;⑤对于他汀类药物、依折麦布过敏者。
二、分组及用药
将128例按其意愿分为实验组(依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀组,78例)及对照组(瑞舒伐他汀组,50例),2组一般资料具可比性(P均>0.05,表1)。2组均给予双联抗血小板及瑞舒伐他汀20 mg,1周后实验组予依折麦布10 mg、每日1次,联合瑞舒伐他汀10 mg、每晚1次;对照组予瑞舒伐他汀10 mg、每晚1次。2组均同时给予双联抗血小板阿司匹林100 mg+替格瑞洛90 mg、每日2次,美托洛尔47.5 mg、每日1次,培哚普利4 mg、每日1次。
三、观察项目
2组均持续随访1年,观察终点为心血管死亡、心肌梗死,统计因不稳定心绞痛门诊就诊次数。
四、统计学处理
采用SPSS 20.0处理数据。计量资料以±s表示,2组间比较用t检验;(正态分布)或者Wilcoxon秩和检验(非正态分布),且后者用中位数(四分位数间距)表示;计数资料以率或构成比表示,采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
结果
一、实验组与对照组血脂指标的比较
2组患者对治疗的耐受性均好。治疗1年后,实验组LDL-C、总胆固醇均较对照组低(P均<0.05);而HDL-C和甘油三酯2组比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),见表2。表2实验组与对照组血脂
二、随访期间发生的主要心血管事件
随访1年,实验组有1例因死亡终止随访。存活的患者中,实验组因不稳定心绞痛而就诊的人数少于对照组(P<0.05),见表3。2组均无因肝功能损害等不良反应而需要停止药物治疗者。
讨论
本研究结果表明,STEMI患者在PCI治疗1年后,仍有部分患者因心绞痛症状而就诊,但依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀组心血管不良事件发生情况优于单用瑞舒伐他汀组,这提示强化调脂治疗效果好[6]。PCI后患者出现心绞痛发作的原因是多方面的,包括冠状动脉斑块受到介入干预挤压、移位等导致斑块不稳定,誘发冠脉痉挛等导致心绞痛症状发生;另外残存病变以及原有病因如吸烟、糖尿病、高血压病持续进展对冠状动脉仍有持续的损伤也会造成影响[7]。本研究结果提示,依折麦布联合瑞舒伐能调节血脂水平,有助于稳定斑块,改善内皮功能,减少心绞痛的发作[8-9]。新近研究表明,依折麦布改善内皮功能的机制可能与通过某些信号通路抑制血小板活性有关[10]。对于高危患者,如PCI后、冠心病合并糖尿病等,需要进行强化调脂治疗进一步降低LDL-C,从而延缓斑块进展,降低心血管不良事件再发的风险[11]。
尽管强化他汀类药物治疗在国内外指南均有强调,但临床医师在实践中仍存在顾虑,一方面是担心药物的剂量过大,可能会带来剂量相关的不良反应,如肝、肾功能的损坏,增加横纹肌溶解风险;另一方面,仍缺乏大规模多中心的研究证实强化治疗对国内人群的安全性[12]。而中等强度他汀类药物并不能满足强化调脂的临床需求。因此,多途径降低LDL-C水平已成为新的治疗策略。
依折麦布联合瑞舒伐他汀可以同时抑制胆固醇的吸收和合成,有研究显示,2种药物互补协同增效,降LDL-C幅度可达50%以上,为临床强化调脂治疗提供了新的选择,而且联合用药的安全性和耐受性与他汀类药物单药治疗相当[13]。本研究结果也表明2组患者的耐受性良好。《2015降胆固醇药物联合应用中国专家建议》指出,基于进一步降低终点事件:依折麦布辛伐他汀疗效国际试验(IMPROVE-IT)、心肾保护研究(SHARP)和降胆固醇治疗协作组荟萃分析的结果,动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者初始治疗可考虑联合依折麦布10 mg与常规剂量他汀类药物降胆固醇,从而使PCI后患者、冠心病合并糖尿病等极高危患者LDL-C达标,并应坚持长期治疗[14-15]。对于单独应用他汀类药物胆固醇水平不能达标或不能耐受较大剂量他汀类药物治疗的患者,也可以选择依折麦布和中低剂量他汀类药物联合治疗。
单独使用依折麦布或其与HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂联合使用对心血管疾病的发病率与病死率的效果尚未明确,对于AMI PCI后患者联合治疗的临床研究也较少,因此本研究具有一定的创新性,但存在样本量较小的不足之处,可能会有实验偏差,随访时间也偏短,故在今后仍需行大样本量及长期随访的研究以更进一步明确依折麦布与其它药物联用的效果。
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