恢复湿地，养护“地球之肾”

文/吴平

湿地是地球自然生态系统的重要组成部分，其生态服务价值在各类生态系统中居首位，具有涵养水源、净化水质、调节局地气候、蓄洪防旱、维持生物多样性等多种生态功能，被誉为“地球之肾”。湿地是淡水的“蓄水池”，维持着约2.7万亿吨淡水，保存了全国96%的可利用淡水资源；湿地作为“物种基因库”，还是众多植物、动物特别是水禽生长的乐园和候鸟迁徙的“中转站”；湿地还是重要的“储碳库”和“吸碳器”，对于固碳释氧、应对气候变化具有重要意义。

Wetland is an important part of earth’s natural ecosystem.Its ecological service value holds the fi rst place among all kinds of ecosystems.It has various ecological functions, such as water source conservation, water purif i cation,regulating local climate, fl ood storage and drought-resisting, and maintaining biological diversity, etc.It is honored as the “kidney of the earth”.Wetland is the “impounding reservoir” of fresh water, which maintains about 2.7 trillion tons of fresh water and keeps 96% available fresh water resources of the country.As “species gene reserve”, wetland is the paradise for the growth of various plants, animals, especially waterfowls, and “transfer station” for bird migration.In the meantime, wetland is the important “carbon storage” and “carbon absorption device” with the signif i cance for fi xing carbon, releasing oxygen, and dealing with climate change.

保护湿地换得绿水长流

2014年发布的第二次全国湿地资源调查结果显示，全国湿地总面积5360.26万公顷，另有水稻田面积3005.70万公顷。自1992年加入《湿地公约》以来，我国高度重视湿地的保护与合理开发利用。截至2015年年底，我国已有国际重要湿地49处、湿地自然保护区600多个、湿地公园1000多个，以湿地自然保护区为主体，国际重要湿地、湿地公园、湿地保护小区等并存的湿地保护体系基本形成。

Protect wetland for making green water run forever

Our country has abundant wetland resources.According to the 2014 second national wetland resource investigation, the total wetland area of our country was 53,602,600 hectares.

Since joining Wetland Convention in 1992, our country has been paying great attention to the protection, reasonable development and utilization of wetland.Up to the end of 2015, our country has 49 international important wetlands, more than 600 wetland natural reserves, and more than 1,000 wetland parks.The wetland protection system has been formed by wetland natural reserve as subject, and the coexistence of important international wetland, wetland park and wetland conservation community.

保护湿地是维护国家生态安全，保障经济社会可持续发展和建设生态文明的需要。作为滨海湿地面积最大省份，江苏省着力保护湿地、修复生态环境，为每年过境中转的逾300万只鸟类打造安全舒适的“驿站”。重庆市为守住三峡库区绿水青山，试验出“池杉＋中华蚊母＋卡开芦＋牛鞭草”等5个消落带类型湿地乔灌草相结合的植被修复构建模式。我国的商品粮基地大都分布在湿地比较集中的区域。如果湿地消失，这些商品粮基地将最终丧失生产能力。建立商品粮基地周边的湿地保护体系，事关重大。黑龙江省已在三江平原地区形成了较为完善的湿地保护网络，保护总面积达60.7万公顷，同时恢复湿地8000公顷，为保障黑土地大粮仓粮食稳产高产发挥了重要作用。为有效解决湿地资源权属不清、权责不明等问题，2015年国家提出在甘肃、宁夏两省区先行开展湿地产权确权试点，为建立完善湿地资源保护管理制度奠定坚实基础。2016年12月12日，国务院办公厅印发《湿地保护修复制度方案》，明确建立一系列湿地保护修复制度，对新形势下湿地保护修复作出了部署安排。

Wetland protection is the demand for maintaining national ecological safety, ensuring sustainable economic and social development, and building ecological civilization.As the biggest province of coastal wetland,Jiangsu Province focuses on protecting wetland and restoring ecological environment.It builds safe and comfortable “station” for more than 3 million migrating birds every year.In order to keep green hills and clear water of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing strengthens the restoration and treatment of fl uctuating belt ecology, and obtains 5 fl uctuating belt type vegetation restoration construction modes with the combination of wetlands, trees, brushes and grasses through tests, such as the mode of “taxodium ascendens + distylium chinense + phragmites karka+ hemarthria sibirica”.Most of the commodity grain bases of our country are distributed in the regions with concentrated wetlands.If the wetlands disappear, these commodity grain bases would lose production capability fi nally.It is important to set up wetland protection system around the commodity grain bases.Heilongjiang Province has formed relatively complete wetland protection network in Sanjiang Plain region.The total protection area reaches to 607,000 hectares.In the meantime, it restores 8,000 hectares wetlands, and exerts important function for ensuring high and stable yield of grain of black soil large granary.In order to solve the problem of obscure ownership, unclear duty and right of wetland resource efficiently, China came up with the policy by choosing Gansu Province and Ningxia Province as experimental units for carrying out conf i rmation campaign of wetland ownership fi rst in 2015.It lays solid foundation for building and completing wetland resource protection management system.On December 12, 2016,the General Off i ce of the State Council printed and released Plan of Wetland Protection and Restoration System which established a series of wetland protection and restoration systems, and made deployment schedule for wetland protection and restoration under new situation.

山西平陆黄河湿地位于晋豫两省交界处，植被丰富、气候温和。近年来，随着平陆黄河湿地生态环境的不断改善，到此越冬的天鹅数量逐年增加

莫让“地球之肾”衰竭

虽然我国湿地保护在过去一段时期取得了显著成效。但是湿地保护工作仍然面临巨大挑战。长期以来，过度的开发利用只顾局部、短期利益，单纯追求经济增长，正在把湿地一块一块地“填平烤干”。污染、围垦、基建占用、过度捕捞和采集以及外来物种入侵造成湿地面积萎缩、功能退化。

Save the“kidney of the earth”

Although China made remarkable progress on wetland protection in recent years, it still faces great challenge for wetland protection.Wetlands are being “f i lled up and dried” piece by piece due to the excessive development and utilization, and the simple pursuit of economic growth by only taking partial and short-term interests into consideration.The wetland area is shrinking, while its functions are degenerated by pollution, inning, infrastructure occupation, overf i shing and excessive collection, and invasion of alien species.

湿地保护治理体系和治理能力不足、科技支撑不强、全社会湿地保护意识薄弱使得湿地保护任务更具复杂性和艰巨性。目前，我国在森林、草原、海洋、湿地等自然生态系统中，唯独湿地缺少国家层面的立法，其他相关法律法规多是从水、土壤、生物等单一要素角度进行规范。虽然已有20多个省份制定了湿地保护条例，但全国范围内的湿地保护法律法规尚未出台，使各级主管部门法律依据不足，无法有效约束破坏湿地的行为。同时，湿地的管理涉及林业、国土、水利、环保、农业、海洋等多个部门，部门之间的权责划分不明确，综合协调不到位，容易出现“九龙治水”的情形。加之国家对湿地管理资金投入不足，导致基层执法队伍薄弱、设施落后。

Due to the deficient wetland protection and management system, insufficient governance capacity, weak science and technology support, weak wetland protection awareness of the whole society, the wetland protection task is complicated and difficult.At present, our country has state-level legislation on forest, grassland, ocean, our country except for the wetland.Most of other related laws and regulations specify the requirement on single element such as water, soil and biology, etc.Although there are more than 20 provinces which have made wetland protection regulation, the nationwide laws and regulations on wetland protection have not been issued.As a result, the competent departments at all levels do not have suff i cient legal basis of wetland protection.They are not able to restrain the behavior of damaging wetland effectively.In the meantime, wetland management system involves forestry, territory, water conservancy, environmental protection, agriculture, ocean and many other departments.The right and duty among departments are not divided clearly; while the comprehensive coordination is not suff i cient.It leads to the situation of “coexistence of multiple departments in water environment regulation”.Furthermore, the country does not invest enough capital on wetland management, resulting in the weak grassroots law enforcement team and under develped facilities.

湿地是鸟类的天堂、物种的基因库。湿地面积不断减少、功能退化、生物多样性面临巨大威胁，严重影响着生态安全。第二次全国湿地资源调查结果显示：全国湿地总面积5360.26万公顷，与第一次调查（1995—2003年）同口径比较，湿地面积减少了339.63万公顷，接近于海南岛的面积。新中国成立以来，我国滨海湿地累计减少219万公顷，占全国滨海湿地总面积的50%。据调查，2004—2014年，全国湿地鸟类种类呈现严重减少趋势。青海湖环湖区开垦面积为20万平方公顷左右，脊椎动物减少了34种，斑头雁仅10年就减少1200只。沿海滩涂湿地是许多候鸟漫长迁徙路程的唯一“落脚点”。由于滩涂湿地面积的减少，候鸟迁徙途中无法补充体能，影响到鸟儿的越冬和繁衍活动。长江流域水鸟栖息地的减少和破坏直接威胁着众多稀有鸟类的生存，中华鲟、江豚、白头鹤等珍稀濒危物种种群数量不断下降；洞庭湖鱼类的种数从114种减少到80种。在湿地减少的面积中，沼泽湿地减少最多，湖泊湿地减少次之。沼泽湿地相对于其他类型湿地，具有更加复杂的生物链网络，对于维持生态系统功能具有更高的价值，因此沼泽湿地的减少，更令人担忧。四川若尔盖高原沼泽区自20世纪50年代起开始排干沼泽辟为牧场，目前已排水疏干沼泽20余万公顷。随着沼泽湿地疏干排水，地表无积水，局部出现盐渍化，附着在地表的植被无法生长，沙化土地面积急剧扩大。

Wetland is the paradise of birds and gene pool of species.Decreases wetland area and declines the functions of the wetland.The biological diversity faces greatest challenge.According to the result of the second national wetland resource investigation, the total wetland area of the country was 53,602,600 hectares.Comparing with the fi rst investigation (1995-2003) under same caliber, the wetland area decreased 3,396,300 hectares which is close to the area of Hainan Island.Since the founding of new China, the costal wetland of our country has decreased 2,190,000 hectares accumulatively.It occupies 50%of total costal wetland area.According to investigation, the bird species of national wetland decreased seriously from 2004 to 2014.The cultivated area surrounding the Qinghai Lake was about 200,000 hectares.The vertebrates decreased 34 species.Bar-headed goose decreased by 1,200 only in ten years.Costal beach wetland is the only “foothold” for many migratory birds during the long migration path.Due to the decrease of costal wetland, the migratory bird cannot replenish its body during the migration.It inf l uences the activity of birds for living through the winter and reproduction.The decrease and damage of waterfowl habitat in Yangtze River threaten the survival of various rare birds directly.The population quantity of Chinese sturgeon, fi nless porpoise, white-head crane, and other rare and endangered species is decreasing continuously.The species of fi shes in the Dongting Lake decreases from 114 to 80.Among the decreased wetland area, the largest area of reduction is swamp wetland; while the lake wetland takes the second place.Comparing with the other types of wetland, swamp wetland has more complicated biologic chain network.It has higher value on maintaining the function of ecological system.Therefore, people are more concerned about the decrease of swamp wetland.The swamp area of Zoige Plateau in Sichuan Province has started to drain the swamp for pasture since the 1950s.At present, it has drained the swamp for more than 200,000 hectares.Along with the drainage and dewatering of swamp wetland, there is no water on the land surface;salinization occurs in some areas; the vegetation which attaches to the land surface is not able to grow; and the desertif i cation land area extends greatly.

全面推进湿地保护与修复

要实现到2020年全国湿地面积不低于8亿亩，湿地生态功能总体稳定的目标，必须积极扩大湿地面积、科学修复退化湿地、提高湿地生态功能。

Promote wetland protection and restoration comprehensively

In order to realize the target of no less than 800 million mu (1 mu=0.0667 hectares) nationwide wetland area and overall stability of wetland ecological function in 2020, we must expand wetland area actively; restoring degraded wetland scientif i cally and improving ecological function of wetland.

完善湿地治理法律制度体系。尽快出台《湿地保护条例》，协调建立湿地执法协作机制，严厉查处违法利用湿地的行为，使湿地保护工作有法可依。完善湿地分级管理体系。根据生态区位、生态系统功能和生物多样性的重要性，将湿地列入不同级别的名录，定期更新。建立湿地资源资产管理体制，探索编制湿地资源资产负债表。推进湿地生态效益补偿制度。

Complete the legal system of wetland management; accelerate wetland legislation; issue Wetland Protection Regulation as soon as possible; coordinate and establish wetland law enforcement cooperation mechanism;investigate and punish illegal use of wetlands strictly; Complete wetland classif i cation management system.According to the importance of ecological niche, ecosystem function, and biological diversity, list wetlands into the lists with different levels and update them periodically.Build wetland resource and assets management system; explore and compile wetland resource and assets balance sheet; promote wetland ecological benef i t compensation system.

积极扩大湿地面积。完善湿地保护空间规划。构建完善的湿地保护体系，不断提高湿地保护率。重点加强对国际和国家重要湿地、湿地自然保护区、国家湿地公园等重点湿地的保护与监管。按国家公园的理念管理湿地生态系统，全面提升湿地管理合力。推进退耕还湿，鼓励农民进行“水改旱”，让湿地的生态效益尽快凸显出来。强化湿地保护管理的科技支撑，提高科技对湿地保护的贡献率。例如研究我国湿地保护区成效定量化评价方法，基于最新湿地自然保护区评价数据库和湿地遥感数据等资料，对保护成效进行全面的定量化评估。

Expand wetland area actively; complete wetland protection space plan; establish complete wetland protection system; and improve wetland protection rate continuously; emphasize and strengthen the protection and supervision of international and national important wetland, wetland nature reserve, national wetland park, and other important wetlands.According to the concept of national park, manage wetland ecological system, and improve wetland management comprehensively.Promote the progress from cultivated land to wetland and encourage the farmer to transform rice fi elds into dry land so as to highlight ecological benef i ts of wetland as soon as possible.Strengthen science and technology support of wetland protection management, improve contribution rate of science and technology on wetland protection.For example, make research on effective quantitative evaluation method of wetland reserve in our country, and conduct comprehensive quantitative evaluation on the protection effect on the base of latest wetland nature reserve evaluation database and wetland remote sensing data.

大力实施湿地生态修复工程，提升湿地生态系统功能。培育湿地生态产业，建立湿地恢复的社区参与机制。发展湿地花卉苗木、湿地旅游等湿地生态产业，提升湿地经济效益，构建湿地社区共管共建共享机制。着眼流域尺度恢复湿地生态系统。本着共建“山水林田湖”生命共同体的理念，维护流域湿地生态系统的完整性与功能的多样性，而不仅局限于湿地生态系统本身。

Vigorously implement wetland ecological restoration project; improve wetland ecological system function.Cultivate wetland ecological industry;build community participation mechanism of wetland restoration.Develop wetland ecological industry of wetland flowers and plants and wetland tourism; improve wetland economic benef i t; establish joint administration,establishment and sharing mechanism of wetland community; focus on watershed scale and restore wetland ecological system.By insisting the concept of building the life community of “hill, water, forest, farm and lake”,maintain the completeness of watershed wetland ecosystem and functional diversity rather than restricting to wetland ecosystem only.