寻路,这片令唐朝诗人流连的浙地山川
2018-07-05孙雯郦寅方涛
孙雯?郦寅?方涛
浙江省社会科学界联合会与钱江晚报共同推出“浙东唐诗之路”人文纪行——
为什么是浙东,成为唐朝诗人游历的重要目的地?为什么在唐朝,诗人们开始群体性地游历山川?为什么要在当下,展开这场“浙东唐诗之路”的探寻?
浙江省社会科学界联合会与钱江晚报近日共同推出大型策划报道——“浙东唐诗之路”人文纪行,携手全国知名学者,以及“浙东唐诗之路”沿线的研究者,开启一次寻路之行。
笔者和学者们沿着这条“旅游热线”,开启“浙东唐诗之路”人文纪行,从历史与现实中去观照,浙地的文化、经济、交通为何在唐朝让诗人们蜂拥而至,浙东的山水与唐诗的审美变化勾连起怎样的关系。
李白作诗送好友,勾勒千年前浙东古道
被誉为“浙东唐诗之路”诗作神品的,当数李白《送王屋山人魏万还王屋》诗:“逸兴满吴云,飘飖浙江汜。挥手杭越间,樟亭望潮还。”
公元754年,也就是唐玄宗天宝十三年,54岁的诗人李白送别好友魏万归隐故乡王屋山,写下了这首诗。
看罢钱塘江大潮,魏万便自今天的滨江西兴乘舟往东又折向南而行。此诗清晰地勾画出了唐人在浙东,沿水路上溯,水尽登山而歌的游历之路。李白对魏万的赞美之中,其实隐含的是他自身的青春回忆与自我江南文學地图的组合——这张地图上的绵延诗路,又不仅仅属于李白,而是整个唐朝诗人对于浙东在自然与文化上的追寻之路。
樟亭、海门、耶溪、剡溪、曹娥碑、四明、国清、灵溪、华顶、石梁……这些是《送王屋山人魏万还王屋》的地理关键词。浙江越秀外国语学院副教授张慧玲说,这首诗勾勒出唐人在浙江的游历之路——
“从杭州渡钱塘江,至西陵,入浙东运河到越州;游览若耶溪、镜湖,经曹娥江,到剡中,登天台山;游历赤城、华顶、石梁、国清寺,入始丰溪,至临海;转入灵江,往黄岩,历温峤,到永嘉,访孤屿;上溯瓯江,至青田石门;再上溯好溪,游缙云鼎湖;由梅花桥翻山,入双溪,下武义江,到金华;上八咏楼,入兰溪江,至新安江口;转入富春江,诣严光濑;顺流而下,入钱塘江,从杭州前往吴都。”
一千多年前,这条由李白描绘出来的古道,是一条带圆形的线路。限于当时的条件,真正走完的诗人不多,据学者研究,魏万与孟浩然基本走完了全程。
唐朝盛世多漫游,文人南下一路高歌
唐代已远,浙东仍是“千岩竞秀,万壑争流。草木蒙笼其上,若云蒸霞蔚”(顾恺之)。
中国计量大学副教授房瑞丽认为,浙东唐诗之路是一条山水和文化相结合的路,如果只有山水没有文化,那么山山水水就会少了许多的灵气;而如果只有文化没有山水,那么文化就少了活力。
“就像茂林修竹的兰亭,因为40多位名士的相聚,因为王羲之的《兰亭集序》,所以兰亭成为了一个符号,成为了文人们雅聚的标志。这样一个拥有着丰富文化意蕴和人文底蕴的风景秀丽之地,已经超越了地理意义上的符号,直接上升到了文化层次。”
正如唐代诗人柳宗元所说:“夫美不自美,因人而彰。兰亭也,不遭右军,则清湍修竹,芜没于空山矣。”
山水和文化的结合,构成了唐代文学带有灵性和隐逸气息的特质,又和唐代积极向上的文学品格相互补充。这样一个集地理意义、山水风光和文化底蕴于一体的产物,才是我们认可的“大唐气象”。
与此前的文人相比,漫游是唐代文人,特别是初、盛唐文人非常典型的人生选择。
尚永亮在《诗映大唐春:唐诗与唐人生活》中写道:“特殊的身份使文人乐于漫游,安全的世界使文人敢于漫游,富庶的社会使文人能够漫游。”
具体而言——
中国人有“读万卷书,行万里路”的说法,苦读与游历是文人必然的生活方式;“学而优则仕”,读书的目的是为官从政,以求兼济天下。他们游历天下,也是为了积攒人脉。因为这两点,初、盛唐时期,文人的群体性漫游成为一种潮流。
为什么这样的潮流会在此时涌现?不妨看两则记载:
《通典》:“远适数千里,不持寸刃。”
《册府元龟》:“千轴万艘,交通往来,昧旦永日。”
当然,典籍中记载的安定的社会秩序与便利的交通,都有赖于经济的繁荣,它让文人出游中的行走吃住基本无忧。
正是在这样的社会氛围中,中国古典诗歌的发展,在唐朝达到了最高峰。
唐代诗人一路扬帆高歌,足迹近乎遍布全国各地,留下了许多优美的经典诗篇。房瑞丽说:“如围绕两京洛阳和长安,有一条都市文化圈的唐诗之路;在西北地区也形成了关陇的唐诗之路,现在留存下来的边塞诗,就是这一条关陇唐诗之路所留下来的风采;围绕四川蜀中也形成了一条反映巴蜀的风土人情的唐诗路线,如‘蜀道之难,难于上青天。而到了江南地区,包括苏州、徐州、扬州等地,同样留下了许多唐人的吟唱。如以现在的南京为中心的金陵地区,有许多的历史文化的渊源,而唐代的诗人们,在此处留下来的诗歌带有独特的金陵文学的气象。到了浙东,所留下来的诗歌就是我们今天所说的浙东唐诗之路的诗歌。”
唐代诗人来浙东,吟诗山水颂江南
浙东对诗人们的吸引,首先源于其独特的区域文化优势,其次是优美的自然环境。
“浙东唐诗之路”的形成,是远期和近期文化优势结合的产物,尤其到了南北朝时期,北方文人南迁,文化的交流融合丰富了浙东的人文内涵。
经过官方和民间的经营,到唐朝时,运河行船运输已比较方便,京杭大运河与浙东运河让从黄河、淮河、长江而东的商贾、文人得以抵达杭州,再东至“浙东唐诗之路”沿线各地。
在这些综合因素的作用之下,诗人们来到浙东,最终实现的是一种“形而上”的漫游。房瑞丽认为,放眼唐代的许多条诗路,浙东唐诗之路对于唐代文人来说是一个安置精神与灵魂的家园。
詩人隐逸于此或在此处寻求仙风道骨。如“诗仙”李白就是来寻仙访道的,或者是将此作为自己以后能够隐而仕的一个台阶。浙东是道教名士隐居之地,特别是司马承祯和吴筠,因为隐居剡中而受到唐玄宗诏见,给予他们很高的礼遇——他们作为文人所膜拜的道教人物,在这里的隐居,其号召力,不容小觑。
这里佳山秀水,风景宜人。魏晋时期许多的风流名士在这里留下了许多诗篇,比如王羲之等文人在兰亭的曲水流觞和诗集,王子猷在剡溪夜乘小舟访戴安道的“乘兴而行,兴尽而返”的尽兴和洒脱,还有他们笔下所描绘的“山阴道上行,如在镜中游”的风景,对于唐代文人来说,仿佛一个巨大的磁场,吸引他们来这里追寻名士的足迹。
唐代用科举制度选拔人才,无论是普通民众还是文人士子,他们都有着积极进取的态度。但是通过科举这条路能够走上仕途的人毕竟少之又少。大量的落榜考生,一方面想积极建功立业,另一方面又苦于社会没有给他们提供那么多的机会。在两者不可协调的矛盾之间,他们选择了寄情山水。浙东秀美的山水,六朝文人的精神指引,吸引了许多文人墨客。
看似无意的漫游,其实各有目的,但无论如何,脍炙人口的诗歌就此留下了。
浙江越秀外国语学院副教授张慧玲介绍,唐诗中有关浙东的作品,讴歌的山水名胜和人文景观有近百处。它们对于当下的意义,或许正如华东师范大学教授胡晓明曾表达过的观点那样——“历史上中国人对江南的赞许与向往、憧憬、评价,以及这些赞许形成的经典,连接着对于什么样的生活更好、更值得追求的主张。”
唐诗之路再探寻,推进浙江文化建设
当我们将目光回溯到过去,将脚步踏进当下,将思索投射到未来,让一个个未尽的故事由学者以扎实的研究来叙述——便可以得到答案。
在统筹推进“六个浙江”(富强浙江、法治浙江、文化浙江、平安浙江、美丽浙江、清廉浙江)的建设中,文化浙江是不可或缺的一环。
2018年初,浙江省政府工作报告中,便将“积极打造浙东唐诗之路和钱塘江唐诗之路”列为今年的重大战略举措之一。
“浙东唐诗之路”被赋予了新的现实使命。
这条古道上有两大优质文化资源:以唐诗为代表的中国古代文化资源、古道沿线秀美的风景旅游资源,其研究、开发、振兴,不但可以全面提升浙江的人文气息,还可以盘活浙东的旅游,加速产业转型升级的进程。
近30年来,浙江的文化研究者和建设者从未停滞过研究开发“浙东唐诗之路”的脚步,如今,正是将这条路打通的时机。
早在1991年的唐代文学学术研讨会上,学者竺岳兵就提出了“浙东唐诗之路”的概念。近30年来,这个概念受到诸多学者响应,产生了丰硕的研究成果,并展现出开阔的发展空间。
有关学者归纳出一条唐代诗人的“旅游热线”:从西兴出发,经萧山到绍兴鉴湖,沿浙东运河至曹娥江,然后沿江而行入剡溪,再经新昌天姥山,最后抵天台石梁飞瀑,全长约190公里。据《全唐诗》所载,大概有300多位颇有名望的唐代诗人,在这条“浙东唐诗之路”上,写下了1000余首佳作。
浙江省社会科学界联合会不久前在新昌召开了“‘浙东唐诗之路人文纪行论证会”,为本次人文纪行集中了智库资源,也透露了随之而来的研究动向。浙江省社会科学界联合会副主席陈先春介绍,“浙东唐诗之路”学者研究成果的梳理、文化与旅游并举的建议、学术会议的筹备、宣传普及等项目,都将逐渐提上议事日程。
一千多年前,在中华民族的那一个盛世中涌现出来的壮丽山河、激昂文字,将在这一个时代被重新提及、整理、发扬。梦回唐朝,醒来又见盛世,这将是何等荣耀的人生体验。
Zhejiang Attracted Poets
of Tang Dynasty
By Sun Wen, Li Yin, Fang Tao
In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), especially in its early years and middle years, poets visited eastern Zhejiang. In 1991, Zhu Yuebing, a native of Xinchang in eastern Zhejiang, presented his discovery of the travels poets of the Tang took in eastern Zhejiang at a national symposium on the literature of the Tang Dynasty. His discovery caused a sensation in academic circles.
According to latest research results, the road was about 190 kilometers long. The poets started their epic tours at the present-day Xixing, a town just across Qiantang River from Hangzhou. They went all the way from Xiaoshan to Shaoxing. They continued their tours along whats now known as the Eastern Zhejiang Canal to Caoe River. The poets then traveled on the river and went up via Shanxi River to Mount Tianmu in Xinchang. Then all the way up to Shiliang Waterfall in Tiantai.
, compiled from 1705 to 1706 by ten famous scholars of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) under an imperial decree, presents over 48,900 poems by 2,200 plus poets of the Tang Dynasty. All these poems are in 900 volumes and there are also 12 additional index volumes. Of these poems and poets, over 1,000 poems by about 300 prominent poets can be traced to eastern Zhejiang. These poems by so many poets in the collection testify to the existence of this itinerary. The trail is now officially referred to as “Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang”.
Over the past decades, more scholars have pitched in to explore the road through textual researches and field studies. Their studies convincingly explain what in eastern Zhejiang attracted the poets of the dynasty.
In fact the poets of the Tang Dynasty traveled a great deal. The dynasty prospered economically. The flourishing economy enabled poets to travel freely. People could travel all over the country without worrying much about their personal safety. And there were a number of travel itineraries the poets followed largely. One radiated from the central region to the military outposts in the border regions in the west. Another extended to Sichuan in the southwest. Yet another went southeastward to Zhejiang.
Eastern Zhejiang offered a lot to the poets of the Tang. In the South and the North dynasties (420-589), a lot of poets and artists moved to the south, bringing culture and tradition along. Many of them settled down in Zhejiang. Their poems and essays added a special touch to the national imagination about the beauty of the south. Moreover, in the Tang dynasty, the canal system across the eastern region of China made it easy and pleasant for traders and men of letters to travel southward and reach Zhejiang.
The natural beauty of the province had long since found its way into masterpieces in ancient literature. The poets of the Tang naturally wanted to follow the footsteps of the past poets and travel to experience what they had seen. The province magnetized the poets of the Tang.
The Tang selected talented government officials from the grassroots hierarchy through nationwide imperial examinations. For people who wished to be selected, travel was an eye-opening experience. For those who had failed to pass the examinations, travel provided them an opportunity for escapism. Despite the fact that different people visited eastern Zhejiang for different reasons, they unanimously wrote poems about their tours. The best of the poems have come down to us through timeless classics.
These poems have contributed to the fame of about 100 places of historical and cultural interests across eastern Zhejiang. For a long time, they have been a wealth of tourism attractions. “These poems reveal the ancient appreciation of the natural beauty and lifestyle of Jiangnan. Many people dreamed of such natural beauty and desired such a lifestyle. Their desire and appreciation combine to point to an ideal system of value in pursuit of a better material and spiritual life,” commented Hu Xiao, a professor with East China Normal University.
“The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang” has acquired a new significance. In early 2018, the Zhejiang Provincial Government reported its work to the provincial peoples congress, presenting a series of measures to be taken for making Zhejiang better through economic growth, rule of law, culture, public safety, natural beauty, and clean and honest governance. Discussing the strategic measures to promote culture, the work report mentions active measures to build up “The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang” and “The Tang Poetry of Qiantang River”.
“The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang” offers opportunities. First of all, the study, development and revitalization of the ancient Chinese culture as presented in the Tang poems will not only make Zhejiang better culturally but also upgrade tourism and related industries in this part of the province.