一镜湖光开晓日

周维强

日本史学家杉山正明在他的著作中说：杭州自南宋时代至元代始终是罕见的繁荣的大城市。如果说南宋的杭州还是都城，到了元代，政治中心移到大都，失去了南宋宫廷、中央政府的杭州，依然迎来了另一种繁荣，一种没有了政治的经济繁荣，呈现出一种自由与开阔的气象，这在世界城市史上也是空前的。

元代文人虞集在《书杨将军往复书简后》里写道：

临安，故宋行都，山川风物之美，四方未能或之过也。天下既一，朔方奇俊之士，以风致，自必乐居之。

城市繁华，文化昌盛，更兼山川秀美，所以元代一统江南之后，北方奇俊之士南来杭州乐居，也就顺理成章了。

明人田汝成《西湖游览志馀》卷二十一“委巷丛谈”里说：

元时，豪杰不乐进取者，率托情于诗酒。其时杭州有清吟社、白云社、孤山社、武林社、武林九友会。儒雅云集，分曹比偶，相睹切磋，何其盛也。

其中蒙古及中西亚多民族诗人关于西湖及杭州的词曲佳话可以一说。且从元明文献里摘取一二，既助诸君游湖之兴会，或也可窥见时人的湖山趣味及汉文化成就之一斑。

贯云石：欸乃声中别有春

贯云石，原名小云石海涯。祖父是元朝开国大将阿里海涯。云石是西域畏兀人，出生在大都西北的高粱河畔。《元史》里说，云石“神彩秀异。年十二三，膂力绝人，使健儿驱三恶马疾驰，持槊立而待，马至，腾上之，越二而跨三，运槊生风……或挽强射生，逐猛兽，上下峻阪如飞，诸将咸服其趫捷”。后来，云石又从姚燧学习，文武全才。

云石曾在大都朝廷中做官，后来辞官隐居江南。云石在《清江引》的曲子里表达了自己的心情：“竞功名有如车下坡，惊险谁参破！昨日玉堂臣，今日遭残祸。争如我避风波走在安乐窝！”云石本是“吾生宦情素薄”，辞职南隐杭州也在情理之中。

据说云石卖药钱塘市中，“诡姓名，易服色，人无识者”。有一回，云石看见有渔夫织芦花做成被子，就要拿自己的丝绸来换。渔夫就说：“君欲吾被，当更赋诗。”云石果然援笔而作：“采得芦花不涴尘，翠蓑聊复藉为裀。西风刮梦秋无际，夜月生香雪满身……”这个故事里，云石固然雅人深致，这个渔夫也有六朝烟水气。

云石在西湖上惯看春风秋月，写了小令《正宫·小梁州》春夏秋冬四曲，写湖上四时风景之胜：

春风花草满园香，马系在垂杨。桃红柳绿映池塘，堪游赏。沙暖睡鸳鸯。[么]宜晴宜雨宜阴阳，比西施淡抹浓妆。玉女弹，佳人唱。湖山堂上，直吃醉何妨？

画船撑入柳阴凉，一派笙簧。采莲人和采莲腔，声嘹亮。惊起宿鸳鸯。[么]佳人才子游船上，醉醺醺笑饮琼浆。归棹晚，湖光荡。一钩新月，十里芰荷香。

芙蓉映水菊花黄，满目秋光。枯荷叶底鸳鸯藏。金风荡，飘动桂枝香。[么]雷峰塔畔登高望，见钱塘一派长江。湖水清，江潮漾。天边斜月，新雁两三行。

彤云密布锁高峰，凛列寒风。银河片片洒长空。梅梢冻，雪压路难通。[么]六桥顷刻如银洞，粉妆成九里寒松。酒满斟，笙歌送。玉船银棹，人在水晶宫。

这四首小令，分别写了西湖山水的春夏秋冬四季景致，文采、趣味直追唐人白居易、宋人苏东坡。

云石以西域人氏而深得湖山佳趣，发而为曲。这既说明当日西湖山水已为西域东土江北江南四方人士所喜，也见出云石汉文化修养的深厚和审美趣味的雅致。

阿鲁威：老我南州

阿鲁威是蒙古人，做过泉州路总管，泰定帝朝为翰林侍讲学士。但他后来也是辞去官职，来到杭州定居。《太和正音谱》说阿鲁威的词是“如鹤唳青霄”。阿鲁威写有一支小令《双调·蟾宫曲》：

爛羊头谁羡封侯？斗酒篇诗，也自风流。过隙光阴，尘埃野马，不障闲鸥。离汗漫飘蓬九有，向壶山小饮三秋。归赋登楼，白发萧萧，老我南州。

这支小令，虽然没有直接描写西湖或杭州的景致，但浸透在里面的那一份隐居心情，对恬静的退隐生活的书写，应该是阿鲁威脱离宦海来到杭州以后所写的。“老我南州”，“南州”可以泛指南方，但在阿鲁威这儿，恐怕他心里所指的应该是杭州吧？史学家陈得芝教授在一篇讨论元代杭州与蒙古人色目人文化演变的论文《从“销金锅儿”到民族熔炉》中，也把阿鲁威作为一个个案写了进去。

薛超吾：拣西施好处都游遍

薛超吾，字昂夫，号九皋，汉姓马，元代回鹘人。薛超吾集子散佚早，又无碑传记载，所以元明之际就将薛昂夫、马昂夫、马九皋认作是三个人。影响甚大的《太和正音谱》就作为三个曲家分别评论。孙楷第先生1959年发表《薛昂夫考略》，考定薛昂夫、马昂夫、马九皋为同一个人。

薛超吾做过官，晚年也隐居杭州。词曲风格飘逸，他本人也是颇以词曲自负，“自命千古一人”。薛昂夫写过七首小令《中吕·山坡羊·西湖杂咏》，写西湖四季风光。本篇且举其中写春天和秋天的两首：

山光如淀，湖光如练，一步一个生绡面。扣逋仙，访坡仙，拣西施好处都游遍。管甚月明归路远，船，休放转;杯，休放浅。

疏林红叶，芙蓉将谢，天然妆点秋屏列。断霞遮，夕阳斜，山腰闪出闲亭榭。分付画船且慢者，歌，休唱彻;诗，乘兴写。

回鹘人薛昂夫真是好兴致，游西湖要“拣西施好处都游遍”，不管他月明归路远，也要诗酒流连湖山。

所以比薛昂夫年长约14岁的赵孟頫格外欣赏昂夫。赵孟頫写的《薛昂夫诗集序》里说：“昂夫西戎贵种，服旃裘，食湩酪，居逐水草，驰骋猎射，饱肉勇决，其风俗固然也。”而昂夫“乃事笔砚，读书属文，学为儒生，发而为诗乐府，皆激越慷慨，流丽闲婉，或累世为儒者有所不及”。松雪忍不住感慨：“嗟夫！吾观昂夫之诗，信乎学问之可以变化气质也。”

斡玉伦徒：钱塘最好是湖边

斡玉伦徒，字克庄，西夏党项人。

斡玉伦徒曾在国子学师从大学问家虞集。元代恢复科举，蒙古人、色目人和汉人、南人是分两张卷考试和发榜的，蒙古、色目曰右榜，汉人、南人曰左榜。右榜易考，左榜难试。斡玉伦徒可能是当时试汉人、南人科目而取得进士的为数不多的少数民族人氏之一。斡玉伦徒后来也是《宋史》的编修官。虞集编刻自己的文集《道园学古录》也是应斡玉伦徒之请。

斡玉倫徒写的关于西湖的诗《题西湖亭子寄徐复初检校》：

芙蓉花开一万顷，钱塘最好是湖边。晓风得酒更留月，春水到门还放船。笙引凤凰天上曲，赋裁鹦鹉座中贤。令人却忆徐公子，深阁焚香日晏眠。

万顷芙蓉花开，“钱塘最好是湖边”，斡玉伦徒所言甚是。

廼贤：一年湖上春如梦

廼贤是元代内迁中原的哈喇鲁人的后裔。哈喇鲁，古名葛逻禄。史学家考订廼贤身世，以为廼贤是在鄞县长大的。鄞县是元代庆元路路治所在地。庆元，古称明州，今浙江宁波。

廼贤至正六年（公元1346年）北上大都以求取功名，博得声誉。在大都的六年时间里，廼贤和王冕等有交游。但终于失望而归。廼贤的诗篇里也有写西湖的，如《次段吉甫助教春日怀江南韵》：

花底开尊待月圆，罗衫半泡酒痕鲜。一年湖上春如梦，二月江南水似天。修朴每怀王逸少，听歌却忆李龟年。卜邻拟住吴山下，杨柳桥边舣画船。

“卜邻拟住吴山下”，亦可见廼贤对西湖对杭州的无比留恋。可惜廼贤后来不得终老钱塘，他是在元至正二十八年（公元1368年）五月，病逝于直沽军中。直沽，即今天津。一代才人，晚景凄恻，寂寞以殁，让人无限感慨。

萨都剌：少年豪饮醉忘归

萨都剌，祖居西域，本人则出生在代州雁门（今山西代县），一说是生于镇江。明人徐象梅撰著《两浙名贤录》，说萨都剌晚年在杭州，“每风日晴美，辄肩一杖挂瓢笠，脚踏双不藉，走两山间。凡深岩邃壑人迹所不到者，无不穷其幽胜。至得意处，辄席草坐，徘徊终日不能去，兴至则发为诗歌。”当然也有说萨都剌晚年没有住在杭州。

萨都剌重游西湖写过《西湖绝句》六首，明人田汝成《西湖游览志馀》卷十一“才情雅致”里收录了这六首绝句：

涌金门外上湖船，狂客风流忆往年。十八女儿摇艇子，隔船笑掷买花钱。

少年豪饮醉忘归，不觉湖船旋旋移。水面夜凉银烛小，越娘低唱月生眉。

紫骝骄踏落花泥，二月江城雨过时。拂晓市河春水满，小船多半载吴姬。

惜春曾向湖船宿，酒渴吴姬夜破橙。蓦听郎君呼小字，转头含笑背银灯。

待得郎君半醉时，笑将纨扇索题诗。小红帘卷春波绿，渡水扬花落砚池。

垂柳阴阴苏小家，满湖飞燕趁杨花。繁华一去风流减，今日横堤几树鸦？

本篇笔记的篇名《一镜湖光开晓日》，所引的诗句，出自萨都剌的一首七律《次韵王侍郎游湖》：“一镜湖光开晓日，万家花气涨晴天。”多么明丽而爽翠的西湖景色啊。能够写出这样的西湖诗歌，即使是虚构这位作者晚年隐居杭州，也是入情入理的了。

Contemporary Japanese historian Masaaki Sugiyama （born in 1952）， a specialist in the history of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongols， speaks high of Hangzhou in eastern China， a megacity that enjoyed flourish prosperity in the centuries from the Southern Song Dynasty （1127-1279） to the following Yuan Dynasty （1279-1368）. According to the Japanese scholar， Hangzhou as the capital city thrived in the Southern Song and continued to thrive in the Yuan. As the Mongols ruled from Dadu （the present-day Beijing） in the north， Hangzhou continued to enjoy an unprecedented prosperity： Economy bloomed due to a laissez-faire ambiance and it enjoyed freedom and acquired a cosmopolitan majesty that fitted its status. All this makes Hangzhou a miracle in the worlds history of cities.

In the Yuan Dynasty， the material and cultural prosperity and scenic beauty of Hangzhou attracted people from the north and the west to settle down and enjoy a life of pleasures the city offered. The Mongols ruled by China by dividing the national population into a four-class hierarchy. Mongols and the Semu people （which referred to the 20-plus ethnic minority peoples from the west who helped the Mongols conquer the oriental empire） were privileged. When they came to China， they assimilated themselves into Chinese culture. They learned to write and speak Chinese， among other things they picked up from their acclimatized life in the east.

These new residents of Hangzhou wrote poems about their lives in the city and their appreciation of the West Lake. Many poems by these poets now can be perused in the literatures of the Yuan and the Ming （1368-1644）. These poems testify how well these Mongols and the Semu people had absorbed Chinese culture and acquired a graceful taste about natural beauty， which had been popular with Chinese intelligentsia for over 1，000 years before these nomads stepped in from the north and the west.

Yun Shi was a Uyghur who lived in Hangzhou in the last part of his life after he resigned from a central government post in Dadu. His grandfather was a military general that helped found the Yuan Dynasty. A chapter in  is dedicated to Yun Shi， describing him as a teenager with strong muscular strength and military training. Yun Shi studied Chinese under the tutelage of Yao Sui （1239-1313）.

The mysterious recluse generated some urban legends in his lifetime. It was said that Yun was a pharmacist who sold herbs in the market. Nobody recognized who he really was because he used false names and dressed in the commoners style. Another legend recorded a transaction he made with a fisherman who sold sheets made of reed flowers. Yun wanted to trade his silk for the sheets. The fisherman said no and instead， asked him to write a poem as payment. Yun wrote a poem. The poem comes down in history.

Yun Shi wrote a suite of poems that portray the four seasons on the West Lake. The four poems are tasteful. Some critics compare them with those by the Tang poet Bai Juyi and the Song poet Su Dongpo. The poems indicate that the beauty of the West Lake was appreciated not only by locals but also by those from the outside and that Yun was masterfully versed in Chinese culture and aesthetics.

Aruwei was a Mongol. He served as a government official and Hanlin scholar before he resigned his post and retired to Hangzhou. Some of the poems he wrote are about his self-exiled life in the south. Though he didnt specify in these poems exactly where he resided， experts of modern times tend to agree that he lived in Hangzhou. In an academic paper that discusses Hangzhou as a city of extravagance and sensuality and as a melting pot of all ethnic groups， Professor Chen Dezhi cites Aruwei as an individual sample for in-depth analysis.

Xue Angfu was a Uyghur living in Hangzhou. His poems vanished in history a long time ago and there was no stone stele available to tell his life story. It was not until 1959 that Sun Kaidi （1898-1986） published a study result that came up with proof that three poets identified and acknowledged by some scholars and critics in the Ming was actually one and the same person called Xue Angfu.

Xue worked as a government official and spent his evening years in Hangzhou. He was a poet with an ebullient style and he claimed proudly that he was the best poet in 1，000 years. He penned seven poems about the beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou.

Sadula （1272-1355）， a poet， calligrapher， painter， was a Mongol. He was born in northern China. In a whos who dictionary recording all the celebrities of Zhejiang， the Ming scholar Xu Xiangmei said Sadula lived in Hangzhou in his last years. Some scholars didnt agree with Xu and said Sadula wasnt in Hangzhou in his last years. But the poet did visit Hangzhou many times. An anthology of poetry about the West Lake put together by a Ming scholar named Tian Rucheng presents six short poems by Sadula.