为生态治理插上智能的翅膀

文/吴平

（作者单位：国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所）

21世纪以来，以移动互联网、云计算、大数据等为代表的智能化、信息化技术为世界经济发展注入了新的动力。智能技术是产业转型升级的有力引擎，在加速淘汰低端产业的同时引导企业向绿色化生产转型，已成为推进生态文明建设领域治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要手段。

Since the beginning of the 21st Century, smart technologies on IT represented by mobile internet, cloud computing and big data, etc. has injected new momentum into the global economic development. As powerful engines for industrial transformation and upgrading, smart technologies can guide enterprises to green transformation while accelerating the elimination of low-end industries, thus becoming an important means to promote eco-civilization governance system and modernization of governance capability.

既是“紧箍咒”又是“催化剂”

智能技术不断推进产业升级与绿色转型，成为可持续发展的强劲动力，对经济社会生态系统的全局长远发展产生重大的引领带动作用。

第一，加大监控力度，促进企业绿色清洁生产。对于企业而言，智能技术的广泛应用，意味着违法排污将被更多双眼睛盯着、更多“紧箍咒”压着，排污所付出的代价将会越来越大。以往污染源在线监控的过程中，千奇百怪的造假术层出不穷：设法将污水探头探到的废水稀释，或在排放高浓度大剂量的废水时，将探头挪放到另一个位置等，造成时空错位、监控失灵。智能技术的广度、深度使得造假越发困难。通过搭载大数据模型和物联网技术，能实时掌握监管区域内各排放企业的产污、治污、排污情况，并对企业的排污行为进行分析，及时发现违规行为并发出预警，确定环保重点监管对象。互联网信息的公开和透明化，让资源环境压力大的低端产业捉襟见肘。

第二，智能技术助推绿色转型。

近年来，逆向物流回收技术不断应用于环保领域，为降低处理回收物品的成本，推动资源再生利用开拓了方向。在生活垃圾回收方面，杭州部分城区开始试点实行“一户一码”，居民在垃圾袋上需粘贴二维码贴纸，在垃圾房前通过扫描二维码才能打开相应的房门进行垃圾投放。在电子电器回收方面，“E环365”通过搭建废旧电器电子产品回收服务信息平台，为社会提供盘活消费者废弃电器电子资源，促进再生资源综合利用的信息服务，引导大家自觉将废旧电子产品送到正规渠道回收利用。总之，当下“物联网”“人工智能服务”技术在“互联网”的基础上，将其用户端延伸和扩展到任何物品与物品之间，通过人与人、人与物、物与物的互联，进行信息交换，从而解决信息化的智能管理和决策控制问题。

Smart technologies are both inhibitors and catalysts, promoting industrial upgrading and green transformation

As a strong driving force for sustainable development, smart technologies continuously promote industrial upgrading and green transformation and play an important role in the long-term holistic economic, social and ecological development.

Firstly, smart technologies can force companies to produce in a clean and green way as a surveillance tool. The application of smart technologies means that companies who discharge pollutants illegally will be watched by more eyes and be inhibited from discharging at random, so the cost of discharging pollutants will be increasingly high. In the past,polluters used various methods to avoid being detected by online surveillance tools when discharging pollutants. For example, they tried to dilute waste water detected by waste water detectors, or they moved the detectors to another place. Smart technologies make it more and more difficult to tamper with data and advanced information technologies as big data and cloud computing can prevent companies from falsifying data. Regulators can monitor in real time companies regarding their production and pollutant discharge and control through the use of big data models and internet of things and analyze the discharging behaviors of companies, issue early warnings and identify key supervision targets in environmental protection. The openness and transparency of internet information will force low-end enterprises under tremendous environmental pressure to close down.

Secondly, smart technologies help to boost green transformation.

In recent years, reverse logistics recycling technology has been continu-ously applied in the field of environmental protection, which has opened up a new direction for decreasing recycling cost and promoting resource recycling. Regarding domestic garbage collection, a pilot program of “one household, one code” began to be implemented in Hangzhou, east China’s Zhejiang Province. Residents are required to adhere stickers with QR codes to garbage bags and they need to scan the codes so as to open corresponding doors to dispose of the garbage. Regarding recycling of electronic and electrical products, E-ring 365 establishes an information platform for recycling the waste products, providing information services to promote comprehensive utilization of resources and encouraging everyone to send waste products to regular recycling channels. In all, on the basis of internet technologies, technologies such as IOT and AI help to conduct exchanges of information between people and people,between people and things and between things and things through extending and expanding the recycling chains so as to resolve issues like information-related smart management, decision making and control.

既是“千里眼”又是“智囊团”

智能技术可以实现实时、海量监测数据和准确的预测预警，促进了决策的科学化。

第一，智能技术助力精准监测、预报预警。随着对环境监测、预警重视程度的不断提高，我国已形成了国家、省、市、县4级环境监测网络，目前已有国控的空气质量监测网站1400多个。海洋生态环境监测工作开展了管辖海域海水质量、沉积物质量、生物多样性状况趋势监测，全方位跟踪海洋生态变化动态。智能技术的动态综合运用，显著提高了环境预报预警的准度和精度，使得环境监测网的覆盖范围不断扩大，监测内容更加丰富细致，监测能力与预警能力都大幅提升。在季风作用下，新加坡的烟霾常常受到其他地区的影响，为此新加坡牵头开发了东南亚国家联盟区域烟霾预警系统。这一预警系统基于卫星成像等智能技术，能够及时发现林火并准确定位，为预测烟霾发生提供了科学依据。

Smart Technologies are both telescopes and think-tanks for accurate surveillance and scientific decision making.

Through real-time and massive surveillance data and accurate forecast and early warning, smart technologies can promote intelligent and efficient government management and scientific decision making.

Firstly, smart technologies boost accurate surveillance, forecast and early warning. With increasing attention to environmental surveillance and early warning, China has set up a four-tier environmental surveillance network at the levels of state, province, city and county. So far over 1,400 air quality surveillance sites have been established. Regarding maritime eco-environment surveillance, surveillance of sea water quality, sediment quality, bio-diversity trends have been carried out so as to comprehensively monitor maritime ecological changes. Dynamic application of smart technologies has remarkably improved the accuracy of environmental forecast and early warning, expanded the coverage of environmental surveillance network, enriched the surveillance content and enhanced the capability of surveillance and early warning. Smaze in Singapore is often affected by other regions due to monsoon, so Singapore plays a leading role in jointly developing a smaze early warning system for ASIAN region. Based on satellite imaging and other smart technologies, this early warning system can detect forest fires in time and conduct accurate positioning, which can provide scientific evidence on the forecast of smaze.Secondly, environmental protection data support scientific decision making. Environmental data are an important means to improve the level of environmental information management in China. Big data can correlate seemingly unrelated and fragmented information for analysis in the context of environmental management so as to find trends, identify problems and grasp the laws, so data become the basis for decision making, which can help to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of ecological governance and improve the quality of government management decisions.

第二，环保大数据支撑科学决策。环保大数据是提高我国环境管理信息化水平的重要手段，利用大数据技术能够对环境管理中看似毫无关联的碎片化信息进行关联分析，从中发现趋势、找准问题、把握规律，实现“用数据决策”，有助于增强生态治理的精准性和有效性，提高政府管理决策的水平。

既是“万花筒”又是“传声筒”

公众的参与是生态治理的有力保障。智能技术的发展有利于公众及时获取环境信息，为全民参与生态治理决策、监督生态治理效果提供了便利。

第一，打造多元化平台，增强环境信息可得性。环境与公众的切身利益息息相关，以往公众不是不愿意参与生态治理，而是受到环境信息条件的限制无法有效参与。环境信息披露的全面性和真实性常常难以保证。目前，国家重点监控的企业都有在线监测设备与环保部门联网，而且环保部门还会进行每季度一次的监督性监测并公布。从2015年起，全国338个地级及以上城市空气质量监测数据实现了实时发布全覆盖，所有数据在环保部的网站上均可查询。一些社会环保组织也开始使用移动互联网技术推进环境信息的公开，如北京公众环境研究中心开发的“蔚蓝地图”，通过APP、网站等途径，除了展示全国各地公布的空气、江河质量，还包括企业最新排放数据。通过移动互联网应用软件随时查询PM2.5浓度等空气质量数据，已成为很多老百姓的生活习惯。环境信息的公开使得公众可以随时随地获取环境数据，为公众的知情参与提供了必要支持。

As both “kaleidoscopes” and “microphones”, smart technologies ensure information disclosure and public participation.

Public participation is a strong guarantee of ecological governance. The development of smart technologies is conducive to the public access to environmental information in a timely manner, facilitating public participation in ecological governance decision making and supervision of ecological governance effects.

Firstly, smart technologies help to build a diversified platform and enhance the availability of environmental information. Environment and the public’s vital interests are closely related. It is not the case that the public did not want to be involved in ecological governance in the past, but they could not actively participated because of limitations of environmental information technologies. The comprehensiveness and authenticity of environmental information disclosure is often difficult to guarantee. At present, enterprises under close state surveillance are connected online with environmental protection departments and these departments conduct supervisory surveillance quarterly and disclose the information to the public. Since 2015, air quality surveillance data have been released real time in 338 cities of China and all the data can be viewed in the website of Ministry of Environmental Protection. Some non-governmental environmental protection organizations also began to use mobile internet technologies to promote environmental information disclosure. For example, “Blue Map” developed by Beijing Public Environment Research Center can display not only information on the quality of air and rivers released by local authorities in China, but also the latest discharge data of enterprises via APP, website and other channels.Mobile in ternet software tools can also be used to check air quality data including PM 2.5 any time, which has become the habits of the public.The disclosure of environmental information allows the public to access environmental data anytime, anywhere and provides the necessary support for informed participation of the public.

第二，创设多样化渠道，激发公众参与热情。新媒体的兴起，特别是微博、微信等新兴社交媒体的普及，使公众监督权利的行使更为灵活和便利，为公众参与生态治理提供了更即时的渠道和更广阔的平台。“人人都是观察员，人人都是监督员，人人都是环保员”的理念逐渐成为现实。各种环保微公益活动在社会化新媒体中得以广泛尝试，例如“随手拍家乡污染”“随手拍黑烟囱”等活动在微博中成为热门话题，唤醒了公众的监督意识，使公众参与生态治理的热情高涨。

（作者单位：国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所）

Secondly, the creation of diversified channels have been created to stimulate enthusiasm of public participation. The rise of new media, especially microblog, WeChat and other popular social media, helps the public to exercise their rights of supervision more flexibly and conveniently and provides real time channels and broader platforms for the public to get involved in ecological governance. The concept of everyone being an observer, supervisor and environmental protector has become a reality.A variety of public interest micro projects in environmental protection have been carried out in new media. For example, Snapshots on Pollution in My Hometown, Snapshots on Black Chimneys and other activities have become hot topics in microblog, raising public awareness on supervision and stimulating public enthusiasm in participating in ecological governance.