所有的中国人都会功夫吗？——中俄青年谈“刻板印象”

什么是刻板印象？大概意思是人们对某个事物或物体形成的一种概括固定的看法，并把这种看法推而广之，认为这个事物或者整体都具有该特征。比如中国人眼中的俄罗斯人：“俄罗斯是战斗民族？”“俄罗斯的女孩子一结婚就变胖？”“俄罗斯人都爱喝酒吗？”……比如俄罗斯人眼中的中国人：“所有的中国人都会功夫？”“中国人都住在像故宫一样的建筑里？”“中国还是那么穷吗？”“中国人只吃米饭吗？”“中国制造一定意味着不好吗？”……毛线团般的刻板印象，不胜枚举。本期国际朋友说携手“中俄桥”（2015年成立于北京语言大学，旨在为学习中文的俄罗斯学生与学习俄语的中国学生搭建文化沟通的桥梁），邀请国际青年们谈谈两种文化之间互相的刻板印象。

What is a stereotyped impression? Roughly it means that people have a general and fi xed view about a thing or object and extend it to such an extent as thinking that such a thing or all others like it should have this feature.For example, in the eyes of Chinese, impressions of Russians relate to: "Is Russia is a nation that likes fighting?","Do Russian girls become fat as soon as they get married?" "Are all Russians heavy drinkers?" et cetera. While in the eyes of Russians, impressions of Chinese people relate to: "Can all Chinese people do Kung Fu?" "Do all Chinese people live in buildings like the Forbidden City?" "Is China still very poor?" "Do Chinese people only eat rice? " "Are ‘Made in China’ products bound to be bad quality? "We talk about the stereotyped impressions mutually existing between the two cultures with the China-Russia Bridge,(founded in 2015 at the Beijing Language and Culture University, a platform for cultural communication between Russian students and Chinese students).

主持人 (Host)： 吴星铎，海龙国际教育创新研究院研究员，中国（Wu Xingduo，Researcher of Seadragon Innovation Institute of International Education，China）

中俄桥嘉宾 (Guests from the China-Russia Bridge)：

米沙，北京语言大学国际政治专业留学生，“中俄桥”创办人 (Chursin Mikhail: International Student,International Politics, Beijing Language and Culture University, Founder of the China-Russia Bridge)

春海，北京师范大学国际汉语教育专业留学生 (Marina Uzbekova: International Student, Master of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL), Beijing Normal University)

克丽丝，北京语言大学新闻系留学生 (Grigoryan: International Student, Journalism, Beijing Language and Culture University)

优丽雅，中国人民大学世界经济专业留学生 (Yuliya Korkaleva: International Student, World Economics,Renmin University of China)

张婷婷，“中俄桥”中国成员，曾留学俄罗斯，目前就读于吉林大学东北亚研究院 (Zhang Tingting:one of Chinese members of the China-Russia Bridge; studied in Russia and currently study at Northeast Asian Studies College of Jilin University)

俄罗斯克里姆林宫

中国的美食VS俄罗斯的酒

春海：我的家人有一个刻板印象，就是中国人大部分吃米饭以及一些奇怪的食物，比如虫子，或是一些奇怪的动物和植物，所以我妈妈很担心我来中国以后不好好吃饭。不过我来到中国之后，我就发现这是一个偏见。中国菜非常丰富，八大菜系，任君挑选，总有一款口味适合你。比如我，特别喜欢吃宫保鸡丁、锅包肉，还有烤串，又便宜又美味。我还发现中国美食的一大亮点，就是小吃摊特别多，很方便。

优丽雅：我最开始也有这个偏见，认为中国的饮食比较单一。现在的我特别喜欢中国菜。我最喜欢的菜你可能想象不到，是最简单的——西红柿炒鸡蛋，现在我自己也会做这道菜了，有时候回到俄罗斯也露两手，父母对这道菜的评价很不错。我还喜欢各种盖饭，像宫保鸡丁盖饭、地三鲜盖饭、咖喱鸡块，还有饺子、面食，我都非常喜欢。

主持人：我对俄罗斯的饮食也有一个印象，就是觉得俄罗斯人特别能喝酒，尤其是俄罗斯男人酒量大得不得了，顿顿离不了伏特加，是这样吗？

Chinese Food vs. Russian Liquor

Marina Uzbekova: My family has a stereotyped impression that most Chinese people eat rice and some weird food, such as insects or some weird animals or plants, so my mother was very worried that I would not have a good meal in China. But after I came to China, I found that this was a stereotype. There is a great variety of Chinese cuisine, so you can choose as you like because there is always one which is just your type. Take myself for example, I particularly like eating kung pao chicken,double cooked pork slices, and kebabs– which are cheap yet yummy.Another highlight of Chinese food is that there are so many snack booths, which is very convenient.

Yuliya Korkaleva: I held a stereotype at first, thinking that Chinese food is relatively plain. Now, I love Chinese food. You probably cannot imagine what my favorite food is - scrambled eggs with tomatoes, and now I can even make it myself. Sometimes I show my culinary skills to my parents when I return to Russia,and they think it amazing. In addition, I like all kinds of donburi,such as donburi with Kung Pao chicken, donburi with fried potato,green pepper and eggplant, and curry chicken, as well as dumplings and noodles. I love all of them very much.

Host: I also have a stereotyped impression about Russian food:I think Russians are heavy drinkers, especially Russian mencannot go without vodka for every meal, isn’t that right?

克丽丝：这是个典型的刻板印象，绝不是所有人都有好酒量。我身边的人就不是所有都在喝酒，甚至有人一辈子都不喝酒，当然也不是每个人都喝伏特加，有的人只喝葡萄酒那样度数很低的酒。这么说起来，其实中国白酒也挺烈的，中国也有不少酒量好的人，像俄罗斯人喝伏特加一样，你们也可以大口大口喝茅台，不是吗？

米沙：我自己喝酒就比较少，只是偶尔喝一下红酒，连白酒都喝不了。但是像西伯利亚人他们喝酒其实是因为天气过于寒冷，他们喝酒不是为了取乐，是为了保暖，所以从这个角度来说，他们的酒量是很大，就给人造成了所有俄罗斯人酒量都大的印象。

Grigoryan: That’s a typical stereotyped impression. Absolutely not all of Russians are heavy drinkers. People around me don’t all drink, and some even don’t drink for their whole lives. Of course, not everyone drinks vodka as some people only drink those with low alcoholic strength, such as wine. To put it this way, in fact, Chinese liquor is also very strong, and there are also many heavy drinkers among Chinese. Just like Russians who drink vodka, you will also swig Moutai, isn’t that right?

Chursin Mikhail: I’m a light drinker on my own, but I occasionally drink red wine– and not even white wine. However,the real reason why some people drink liquor, such as Siberians,is that the weather is too cold. They drink not for fun but for warmth. From this perspective, therefore, they are indeed heavy drinkers, which gives an impression that all Russians are heavy drinkers.

功夫高手VS战斗民族

优丽雅：有的刻板印象到了中国之后就会自然消失，但是有一点我至今都这么觉得，就是：中国人都会功夫。我当初是作为交换生来中国学语言的，几乎每天下午都会去学太极拳，我当时就认为所有中国人一定从小在体育课上就练太极拳，从小练到大，所以功夫肯定特别厉害。

张婷婷：对，我在俄罗斯留学的时候，也会被人问“你会中国功夫吗？”我觉得这可能是因为李小龙、成龙、李连杰、甄子丹等人在国际上的影响力，给很多人造成了中国人都会功夫的印象。

春海：中国人都会功夫这一点，的确和中国的功夫明星分不开。比如我，特别喜欢成龙的电影，几乎每一部我都看过，当然，我看的是俄语版的。我最喜欢的是按照俄语片名翻译的《喝醉的师父》（主持人笑：是《醉拳》)还有《我是谁》《尖峰时刻》等。我有一段时间对成龙特别迷恋，小时候甚至想和他结婚。

主持人：俄罗斯人认为中国人很能打，会功夫，其实中国人提到俄罗斯的时候总有一个称谓叫“战斗民族”，这是一种善意的调侃。大家谈谈，俄罗斯人真的是“战斗民族”吗？

克丽丝：我觉得这一点的确如此。“战斗民族”这个特征更多体现在性格方面。在日常生活中，当遇到一些特殊情况和困难时，有的人会放弃，但我身边的很多俄罗斯朋友，不管发生什么也要坚持下去，继续努力。

米沙：“战斗民族”称谓我觉得还蛮有趣。俄罗斯人特别有冒险精神，他们喜欢做一些极限运动，不会特别在乎付出的代价。我想举一个例子，去年的一天，北京雾霾很严重，只有俄罗斯的航空公司以超高的技术和非凡的胆量降落，当你看到所有飞机都延误，唯有俄罗斯航空准时到达的照片时，我想你也会会心一笑。

Kung Fu Master VS Fighting Nation

Yuliya Korkaleva: Some stereotyped impressions have disappeared naturally since I came to China, but there is one idea I still hold up to now, that is: All Chinese people can do Kung Fu. I originally came to China as an exchange student to learn Chinese, and I learned Tai Chi almost every afternoon. At that time, I believed all Chinese people must practice Tai Chi from a young age during physical education, and that they must be amazingly adept at Kung Fu.

Zhang Tingting: Yes. As a Chinese girl, when I studied in Russia, I was also often asked, "Can you do Chinese Kung Fu?"I think that may be due to the international inf l uence of Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Donnie Yen and others, who have given an impression to many people that all Chinese can do Kung Fu.

Marina Uzbekova: The idea that all Chinese people can do Kung Fu is indeed closely related to Chinese Kung Fu stars.Take myself for example, I’m particularly fond of Jackie Chan’s movies, and have watched almost all his creations – of course,the Russian versions. My favorite, translated in Russian, is Drunken Master (the moderator explained that it was Drunken Monkey in the Tiger's Eyes), and I also like Who Am I?, Rush Hour,and so on. There was a time that I had a crush on Jackie Chen and even wanted to marry him when I was a kid.

Host: Russians think Chinese people are good fighters and Kung Fu masters. Yet,when speaking of Russia, Chinese people always mention an expression: “Fighting Nation”, which is a joke in good faith. Let’s talk about this: is Russian really a “Fighting Nation”?

Grigoryan: I think that’s true. The characterization of “Fighting Nation” is most reflected in the character of Russians. When some special circumstances and difficulties are encountered in everyday life, some people may give up, but many of my Russian friends hold on and keep working hard no matter what happens.

Chursin Mikhail: The so-called “Fighting Nation” is interesting to me. Russians are particularly adventurous and like to do extreme sports without paying much attention to the price theymay pay. Let me give an example. When the smog in Beijing was severe last year, only the Russian flights landed with superb technology and extraordinary courage. When you see that all flights were delayed other than those of the Aeroflot-Russian Airlines which arrived on time, I believe you will also give a knowing smile.

你是古城VS我是熊城

春海：很多俄罗斯人认为中国人特别讲究传统的东西，我们从电视节目上看到中国的介绍，以为中国到处都是故宫那样的建筑。来北京之前我真的这么以为，我甚至还想象中国人都穿着历史剧里那样的服装。但是真正到了北京才发现，这是一个非常先进的大都市，现代建筑物鳞次栉比，中国人穿着也很时尚。还有上海、广州都是很现代化的都市。

优丽雅：来中国之前，我可能会认为中国比较穷，中国的大学也很简陋，但后来证明我这个刻板印象是完全过时了。最开始我来中国旅游，主要在东北，当时去了长春理工大学、吉林大学、东北师范大学，对中国大学的先进留下了深刻印象。后来我来到北京，北京高校林立，清华、北大都是大学中的佼佼者。目前我就读于中国人民大学，更是对中国的大学叹为观止。我感觉中国大学就像小城市一样，所有的设施应有尽有，有商店、图书馆、健身房，还有邮局……我才发现，中国的大学丝毫不比我们俄罗斯的大学差，有的还更大、更先进，根本不是我原先想的样子。

张婷婷：我这边也有中国人对俄罗斯的一个刻板印象，就是在俄罗斯，是不是满大街都是熊？我自己到过俄罗斯，我当然知道答案。不过我的确经常看到一些视频，比如一个俄罗斯人开着车带着熊兜风，很多中国人会问，熊在俄罗斯真的这么普遍吗？

克丽丝：我觉得不仅是中国人，所有国家的人都觉得俄罗斯到处都可以见到熊，这当然是刻板印象，不可能普遍到这个样子。

米沙：有一张非常著名的图片，是普京骑着熊，其实这当然是一张合成的图片，但是人们觉得有趣，纷纷转发，就连俄罗斯人都很喜欢这张图片。虽然，俄罗斯不是遍地都是熊，不过熊的确代表俄罗斯。这跟历史有关，沙俄时期，国王喜欢养熊，国外的使节来到俄国，少不了会参观一下，于是人们就逐渐把熊作为俄罗斯的象征。而且熊的性格似乎也很能代表俄罗斯人的性格，熊很强大，而且勇武好斗，外表凶悍，但有时候又憨厚可爱。

Ancient City VS Bear City

Marina Uzbekova: Many Russians think that Chinese people pay special attention to traditional things. We watch the introduction of China on television shows and think China is full of buildings like the Forbidden City. Before I came to Beijing,I had really thought so and even imagined the kind of costumes worn by Chinese people in historical TV series. However, when I actually arrived in Beijing, I realized that it is a very advanced metropolis full of modern buildings row upon row and people wearing fashionable clothes. Also, there are other modern cities like Shanghai and Guangzhou.

Yuliya Korkaleva: Before coming to China, perhaps I thought that China was poor and that Chinese universities were shabby,but later it proved that such a stereotyped impression of mine was totally out of date. At first, I came to China for travel,mainly in Northeast China, and when I visited Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin University, and Northeast Normal University, it left a deep impression on the advanced level of Chinese universities. Later, I came to Beijing,which has a galaxy of universities led by Tsinghua University and Peking University. Currently, I’m studying at Renmin University of China, and am even more amazed by Chinese universities. It seems to me that a Chinese university is just like a small city that is provided with complete facilities including shops, libraries, gymnasiums, post offices.I realized that Chinese universities are no worse than our Russian ones, and some are even bigger and more advanced, which is not what I originally thought at all.

Zhang Tingting: On my side, there are also Chinese who have a stereotyped impression of Russia, that relates to: “Are bears everywhere in Russia?” I personally went to Russia and of course know the answer. However, I have often watched some videos, such as a Russian driving a car with a bear. Many Chinese people may have this question, are bears really so common in Russia?

Grigoryan: I think not only people from China, but those from the rest of the world, all feel that bears can be seen everywhere in Russia, which is of course a stereotyped impression. It’s impossible that they are so common, but there certainly are bears.

Chursin Mikhail: There was a famous picture of Putin riding a bear, which was of course synthesized, but people found it fun and forwarded it one by one, and even Russians liked it. Though bears are not everywhere in Russia, in fact, they do represent Russia. That's related to the country's history. During the Russo-Russian period, the king loved raising bears and the diplomatic envoys coming to Russia always pay them a visit. So the bear has gradually been considered as a symbol of Russia. Moreover,the bear's character seems to be able to represent the Russian character: it’s powerful, courageous and aggressive, and looks fierce but sometimes clumsy and lovely.

中国制造VS结婚变胖

优丽雅：我还有个刻板印象，以前会认为“中国制造”就意味着便宜、意味着质量差。现在我也改变了这个看法，我觉得用“物美价廉”形容更好。我现在生活在中国，经常在淘宝买东西，经常买一些衣服和包。中国有一个说法，叫“一分钱一分货”，通常来说你买的东西的质量和价格是成正比的。在我看来，“中国制造”的价格可能比其他国家的便宜，但质量丝毫不逊色。

春海：比如说我穿的衣服就是“中国制造”，我认为质量很好，外观也不错。我觉得如果你决定买特别便宜的东西，就做好它用不了很长时间的准备，如果你想要质量比较好的东西，当然就要买贵一点的。这在哪个国家都一样。

主持人：我想到一个刻板印象，我一个朋友曾经提到过，俄罗斯的女人年轻时特别美，特别漂亮，但结婚之后就会“嘭”一下，变得特别胖，请问是不是这样？你们有没有听过类似的说法？

米沙：我也听说过类似这种话，但这肯定是一个刻板印象。在我看来，其实对于所有女孩，到了一定年龄，身材有些改变是非常正常的现象，不是只在俄罗斯有，中国也有，美国也有。但不是每个人都会变胖，这都是个例。

克丽丝：为什么很多人都认为俄罗斯的女孩一结婚会变胖？要知道，俄罗斯是一个特别大的国家，有近两百个民族，每个民族都有自己的身材方面的差别。比如西伯利亚地区的人因为天气太冷，会经常吃油腻的肉储存脂肪。可能人们会把那一部分的俄罗斯女性来概括了所有。

Made in China VS Post-Marriage Fatness

Yuliya Korkaleva: I still have a stereotyped impression. I used to think that "Made in China" meant cheap and inferior. Now I have changed my mind, and I think a better expression should be “cheap and fine.” I live in China now and often buy things on Taobao, like some clothes and bags. There is a saying in China:“You get what you pay for,” which usually means the quality of what you buy is proportional to its price. In my opinion, however,the price of “Made in China” may be lower than that of those made in other countries, but its quality is by no means inferior.

Marina Uzbekova: For example, what I am wearing was made in China, and I think that they have a high quality and nice look. In my opinion, if you decide to buy something particularly cheap, you should be prepared for its short service life; and if you want something better, of course you have to pay more. This truth prevails in all countries.

Host: A stereotyped impression came to my mind, it was told to me by one of my friends. He said that Russian women were particularly beautiful and gorgeous in their youth, but would puff up and become very fat after they got married. Is that the case? Have you ever heard a similar statement?

Chursin Mikhail: I've also heard similar words like that, but it's certainly a stereotyped impression that is actually not the case.In my opinion, in fact, it’s quite natural for all girls to have some changes in their body shape when they reach a certain age. It exists not only in Russia, but also in China and the USA. However,it is not everyone will get fat but there are individual cases.

Grigoryan: Why do so many people think that a Russian girl will get fat once she is married? You know, Russia is a particularly vast country with nearly 200 ethnic groups, each of whom has its own physical differences. For example, people in Siberia often eat greasy meat to store fat because the weather is too cold. It is possible that one would generalize all Russian women with that part.

结束语

主持人：中俄两国山水相依，两国人民心心相印。新中国成立之初，3万余名苏联专家先后参与援华建设。改革开放以来，成千上万俄罗斯专家积极参与中国改革开放和现代化建设事业。

今天的讨论让我非常感动，就是我们都怀着一颗赤诚之心，用自己的亲身体验，去将这些跨文化交流中不可避免的刻板印象慢慢消融，用一种非常积极乐观的心态推动着交流。让我们祝福中俄友谊，地久天长！

（中文整理：吴星铎、王兆峰；英文整理：何波；本期合作单位：“中俄桥”《果盆儿唠》《Tonight三里屯》、海龙国际教育创新研究院）

Conclusion

Host: China and Russia share common mountains and rivers,and the people of the two countries are closely attached to each other. At the very beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, when the Chinese people needed it most,nearly 30,000 Soviet experts had successively participated in the construction to help China.With the reform and openingup policy, tens of thousands of Russian experts have actively participated in the cause of China's reform, opening up and modernization drive. In today's discussion, I was quite touched by you having a sincere heart to use your own personal experience to slowly melt the inevitable stereotyped impressions in these cross-cultural exchanges and promote exchanges with a very positive and optimistic attitude. May the Sino-Russian friendship last forever.

(Chinese version: Wu Xingduo, Wang Zhaofeng; English version:HeBo.The current cooperating organizations: China-Russia Bridge,Global Loud,Tonight Sanlitun, Seadragon Innovation Institute of International Education.)