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腐熟农家肥用量对土壤养分和烤烟品质的影响

2018-05-14范文思岳东林凌爱芬刘挺叶协锋武云杰陈宇廖红蕖于建军

中国烟草科学 2018年5期
关键词:烤烟

范文思 岳东林 凌爱芬 刘挺 叶协锋 武云杰 陈宇 廖红蕖 于建军

摘 要:为了改善会理县因烟草连作造成的土壤营养失衡和烟叶品质下降等问题,研究了不同腐熟农家肥用量对土壤养分和烟叶品质的影响。结果表明,烟株生长期内,施用农家肥处理的土壤碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量均较CK有所提高。施用农家肥可显著提高土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)含量,移栽110 d时,常规施肥+15 000 kg/hm2农家肥处理的胡敏酸含量最高达到4.34 g/kg,较CK增加了36.61%,差异显著,且HA/FA也达到最高(0.73)。施用农家肥可显著降低烟叶两糖含量,提高糖碱比、钾氯比。其中常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理的C2F和B2F糖碱比较CK显著降低了23.85%和24.34%,而钾氯比较CK显著提高了1.67和3.34。常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理的C3F和B2F中性致香物质总量最高为1 163.50、683.24 μg/g,较CK增加了15.71%、60.00%,且差异显著。常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理对改善烤烟化学成分协调性和增加致香物质含量有显著效果。

关键词:腐熟农家肥;烤烟;腐殖酸;烟叶品质

中图分类号:S572.062 文章编号:1007-5119(2018)05-0071-08 DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2018.05.010

Abstract: In order to improve the imbalance of soil nutrients and the decline in quality of tobacco leaves caused by continuous cropping of tobacco in Huili County, the effects of different well-rotted farmyard manure application rates on tobacco quality and soil nutrients were studied. The results showed that the contents of available nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in soils treated with farm manure were higher than those in CK. Well-rotted farmyard manure could increase the content of humic acid and fulvic acid in soil. 110 d after transplanting, the content of humic acid was up to 4.34 g/kg, which was 36.61% higher than that of CK, and the difference reached a significant level. HA/FA is also up to 0.73. The well-rotted farmyard manure could significantly reduce the content of sugars and increase the ratio of sugar to alkali and the ratio of potassium to chlorine. Compared with CK, the ratio of sugar and alkali decreased by 23.85% and 24.34% in C2F and B2F under 7500 kg/ha well-rotted farmyard manure, while the ratio of potassium to chlorine increased by 1.67 and 3.34. For C2F and B2F, the total amount of neutral substances treated by 7500 kg/ha well-rotted farmyard manure was also the highest, reaching 1163.50 and 683.24 μg/g, which was 15.71% and 60.00% higher than CK. A significant effect on improving the chemical composition coordination and increasing the aroma content of flue-cured tobacco was observed in the treatment of 7500 kg/ha well-rotted farmyard manure.

Keywords: well-rotted farmyard manure; flue-cured tobacco; humus acid; tobacco quality

半個世纪以来,化肥的大量施用不仅造成土壤酸化、板结和肥料浪费,且种植的作物品质也不佳[1]。为了缓解化肥对环境和土壤的负面效应,人们提出施用农家肥的解决措施。农家肥大多来源于禽畜粪便和农作物秸秆,所含养分比较全面,且肥效持久稳定。但是有研究发现[2],不合理施用农家肥不但不能改善土壤环境,相反会导致氮、磷在土壤中的积累,并通过地表径流和土壤渗漏等多种途径进入地表水体和地下水体,造成水体富营养化[3-4]。近年来,关于农家肥的研究很多,研究发现与单施化肥相比,施入农家肥对提高土壤养分含量和改善土壤环境作用更为显著[5];同时研究[6]还发现,农家肥能增加土壤微生物的活性,减少化肥氮损失,提高化肥氮利用率,有利于植物干物质积累和氮素吸收。

4 结 论

对于土壤环境的改善效果而言,施用农家肥可显著提高土壤胡敏酸、富里酸含量和HA/FA,常规施肥+15 000 kg/hm2农家肥效果最好。对于提升烟叶品质而言,常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥对烤烟化学成分协调性和中性致香物质含量的提升效果最好。因此,综合土壤环境和烟叶品质的考虑,常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥的施肥措施可用于改善会理县植烟土壤状况和烟叶品质。

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