蕈菌的栽培及其对环境的影响（四）

张树庭 Solomon P. Wasser



蕈菌的栽培及其对环境的影响（四）

张树庭1Solomon P. Wasser2

（1. 国际蕈菌生物技术服务中心 香港中文大学生物系，中国香港特别行政区；2. 海法大学进化研究所，迦密山 海法 31905，以色列）

6 经济和社会效益

据估计[67]，超过70%的农业和林业作物被认为是无用的材料或是不可食用的废物/副产品而被丢弃。例如：剑麻中仅有2%的纤维被提取利用，其余98%作为废物丢弃；蔗糖仅占植物生物量的17％，其余83％则以甘蔗渣的形式弃置；在棕榈椰子种植园产生的总生物量中，提取的油只占5％，其余95％是废物；世界各地的树木遭砍伐，而其目的主要是为了获得木材中占比甚微（硬木中纤维素占比为30％，软木为20％）的纤维素。此外，数十亿吨的锯木屑、木片、咖啡浆、咖啡渣、酿酒厂的废谷物、棉籽壳、纺织棉废和谷物秸秆都被当作废弃物丢弃。对这些材料的主要处置方式有现场焚烧、掩埋和随意倾倒。如果处理不当，极易造成环境污染。实际上，这些木质纤维素生物质废弃物是用于栽培食用和药用蕈菌的潜在原材料，对前文所述的人类福利十分有益。蕈菌在减轻贫困、增强人类健康和遏制环境污染方面的重要意义总结如下：（1）蕈菌能将木质纤维素废料转化成各种对人类有用的产品，如食品、膳食补充剂、草药和化妆品等[80]，进而带来社会经济效益。（2）蕈菌是相对生长较快的生物体，有些高温菌类在菌丝萌发后10天即可收获食用。通过选用适当的菌株，还可进行周年栽培。它们既可以在农村采用传统模式生产，又可以在城镇进行工厂化栽培。（3）蕈菌栽培可以是劳动密集型的，因此可以创造新的就业机会，特别适合在不发达的热带国家发展。（4）土地利用率通常是限制初级生产产业发展的主要因素，而蕈菌栽培因其可采用层架栽培模式进行生产，因此需要的土地面积相对较少。（5）自古以来，蕈菌就为人类所采食，食用后可立即为人体提供额外的蛋白质。而其他复杂且非常规的食物蛋白质来源，如酵母、单细胞藻类、单细胞蛋白等，则需要在食用之前进行一定的处理。（6）食用蕈菌应该被视为一种健康的蔬菜。栽培技术改进以后，应该像其他普通蔬菜一样进行广泛而节本的栽培，从而有利于公众。（7）基于其风味佳，蛋白质含量高，又具有滋补和药用价值的特点，因此蕈菌无疑是当前及未来的一种开发潜力很大的资源。

药用蕈菌在传统东方疗法中具有悠久的使用历史。许多种类的蕈菌已经在传统医学中使用了数千年。在亚洲、欧洲、非洲和中美洲的传统医学中也都有蕈菌使用的记载；但是许多蕈菌种类很少被食用，因为它们是木质的，味道很苦。

药用蕈菌对健康十分有益。蕈菌子实体、菌丝体、培养基和孢子中含有多种生物活性物质，包括高分子量多糖（主要是β-D-葡聚糖）、异葡聚糖、几丁质、肽聚糖、蛋白聚糖（与蛋白质结合的β-D-葡聚糖）、凝集素、RNA组分、膳食纤维等；以及次级代谢产物，如内酯、萜类、类固醇、他汀类、酚类、生物碱、抗生素和金属螯合剂等。据统计，药用蕈菌和真菌共有130多种药用功能，包括抗肿瘤，免疫调节，抗氧化，清除自由基，保护心血管，抗高胆固醇，抗病毒，抗菌，抗寄生虫，抗真菌，解毒，保肝等。

知名的药用蕈菌主要有：灵芝（）、香菇（）、灰树花（）、冬虫夏草（）、云芝（）、金针菇（Flammulina velutipes）、姬松茸（）、侧耳属（）、猴头菌（）、斑玉蕈（）、金耳（）、银耳（）、桑黄（）、桦褐孔菌（）等。

蕈菌富含蛋白质、甲壳素（膳食纤维）、维生素和矿物质，脂肪含量较低，但不饱和脂肪酸比例高，而且不含胆固醇。因其风味独特，既可作为美味的食物，又是食品调味料的重要来源。除了具有挥发性的八碳化合物之外，典型的蕈菌风味由水溶性味道成分组成，如可溶性糖、多元醇、有机酸、游离氨基酸和5-核苷酸。

关于蕈菌的有益营养功效，列举如下：

（1）蕈菌具有较低的能量水平，有利于减肥；

（2）蕈菌低嘌呤，益于代谢疾病患者食用；

（3）蕈菌低葡萄糖，含有更多的甘露醇，益于糖尿病患者食用；

（4）蕈菌具有非常低的钠浓度，益于高血压患者食用；

（5）蕈菌含有大量的关键维生素。这就意味着，人体每日所需的不同必需维生素，大部分都可以通过食用蕈菌来摄入；

（6）蕈菌具有高含量的钾和磷，这些都是非常重要的分子物质；

（7）蕈菌中硒的含量高，被认为是一种很好的抗氧化剂。

大多数源自蕈菌的制剂和物质不仅用作药物（“真正的”药物）或植物药，而且用于开发各种新型产品，如：膳食补充剂，真菌化学制剂，滋补品，功能性食品，营养品，营养药，化学药品，生物化学制剂，创意食品等。

目前市场上的药用蕈菌产品主要有：人工栽培的子实体粉末，子实体的热水或酒精浸提物，或相同的提取物的浓缩物及其混合物；半固体（多为谷物）培养基接种后，基质、菌丝体和原基的混合干燥粉碎制剂；发酵罐液体深层培养的菌丝体生物质或提取物；以自然生长的子实体干燥后制成的胶囊或片剂；孢子及其提取物。

药用蕈菌膳食补充剂是一类免疫调节剂，称为生物反应修饰剂（BRM）、调理素或免疫调理剂，它们能刺激免疫功能。定期摄取药用蕈菌膳食补充剂可增强人体的免疫反应，从而增加对疾病的抵抗力，并且在某些情况下消除疾病症状。药用蕈菌膳食补充剂通常可增强细胞免疫功能并刺激机体免疫力，帮助维持细胞和体液免疫的平衡。药用蕈菌多糖和其他化合物可预防肿瘤发生，显示对各种协同肿瘤的直接抗肿瘤活性，并能预防肿瘤转移。当其与化疗结合使用时，效果更加明显。

一类新的抗肿瘤药用蕈菌膳食补充剂和药物被称为生物反应修饰剂（BRMs）。除传统的手术、化疗和放疗外，生物反应调节剂疗法或免疫疗法已经成为一种癌症新型治疗手段。最著名的抗癌药物，例如Krestin、Lentinan、Sonifilan和Befungin，均由不同种类的药用蕈菌制备。药用蕈菌膳食补充剂的最大功效是预防免疫系统紊乱和免疫功能障碍，包括自身免疫疾病（尤其是免疫缺陷和免疫抑制患者），放化疗反应，不同类型的癌症，甲肝、乙肝、丙肝等慢性血源性疾病，各种类型的贫血症，人类免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合症（艾滋病），单纯疱疹病毒（HSV），慢性疲劳综合征，爱泼斯坦-巴尔二氏病毒（EB病毒），由幽门螺旋杆菌引起的慢性胃炎和胃溃疡，以及痴呆（阿尔茨海默病）。

我们不能说蕈菌衍生产品可以替代现代医学，但这是一类特殊的产品，在某些情况下可以更好地为病患服务，增强人体健康；或可作为现代医学的补充，正如文章开头提到的，可用作保健食品、膳食补充剂和药物（药物和植物药物）[9～11]。Chang和Buswell已在相关文献中详细报道了一些蕈菌品种的药用和膳食功能优势[80]。

7 结束语

当前，我们面临全球人类福利方面的诸多挑战，包括地区粮食供应不足，健康质量下降和环境恶化。我们迫切需要增强公平有效的全球应对所需的知识和技术。今天，蕈菌生物学和生物技术领域取得的进展可以帮助减轻这些方面的负担，至少有助于找到一些合理的解决方案。蕈菌作为健康食品，其纯精制产品可以添加到饮食中，作为抵制疾病的药物，而粗提物则可以作为膳食补充剂（功能性食品），用于维持身体健康或消除亚健康。蕈菌栽培对环境十分友好。它们从可能造成危害的农作物残渣中吸收自身生长所需的营养，就像太阳能一样，是很容易获得并可持续利用的。虽然在某些情况下物理和化学技术可能发挥重要作用，但蕈菌生产通常可应用于那些不合适大规模资本密集型作业的情况。术语真菌修复（mycoremediation）是特指在生物修复中使用真菌/蕈菌菌丝体的一种方式。全球蕈菌产业的多元化作用主要体现在解决人类面临的严重粮食短缺问题，及其对减少环境污染方面的积极贡献。而且蕈菌的生产和销售可以作为促进社会经济公平增长的媒介。

然而，挑战依然存在，仍然需要在许多领域作出协调一致的努力，例如对食用和药用蕈菌新品种的选育。由于不受控制的采摘和野生采集，一些珍稀的可食用菌根菌类已经迅速减少，研究人工或半人工种植野生蕈菌技术已成为当务之急。同时需要进一步改进现有栽培品种的生产技术，包括“季节性”品种的周年化生产技术和更好的质量控制技术。蕈菌是一类独特的真菌，我们可以利用其在欠发达国家乃至世界范围内开展一项非绿色革命（白色农业革命）的试验。蕈菌在对地区、国家甚至全球层面的生态和社会经济等人类福祉的影响方面显示出了巨大的潜力。

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