保护性耕作在不同气候区域研究现状
2018-03-18徐志超
刘 爽 ,王 雅 ,徐志超
(1.山西大学黄土高原研究所,山西太原030006;2.山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所,山西省土壤环境与养分资源重点实验室,山西太原030031;3.青海省水利水电勘测设计研究院,青海西宁810001)
降低土壤压实、经济适用的作物轮作以及地表残茬覆盖是保护性耕作的3个核心内容[1-2]。其不但可以维持长期作物生产力而且能降低环境风险[3-4]。其中,地表残茬覆盖是指作物收获后至少将30%的作物残茬覆盖在地表[5]。许多学者研究了不同类型的残茬及其覆盖量对土壤及作物的影响[6-8]。作物残茬覆盖的优点和不足主要取决于作物残茬的种类、质量及其与不同土壤气候条件的相互作用[9]。与传统耕作系统相比,保护性耕作可以降低土壤风蚀、水蚀以及土壤水分蒸发[10-12],增加降雨入渗量[13],提高土壤表层有机碳含量[14-15],增强土壤团聚体的数量及稳定性[16-19],降低人力及能源输入[20-22]。因此,保护性耕作多应用于高侵蚀及半干旱土壤区[23-25]。目前,保护性耕作约达1.25亿hm2,约占全球农地面积的9%,其中,半干旱草原区保护性耕作阿根廷占70%的农地面积,美国占全部农地面积的16%[26];而我国的保护性耕作面积占全部农业面积的比例非常小。
1 保护性耕作国内外研究现状和发展动态
在过去的几十年内,保护性耕作系统已在全球范围内的不同气候区域,如在热带、亚热带以及温带气候区进行评估及采用。保护性耕作下的作物类型、气候及土壤渗漏状况等都影响作物产量。当气候为冷湿条件或土壤几乎不渗漏的情况下,保护性耕作下的玉米产量较传统耕作低[17,27-30];而当气候为干燥温暖或土壤渗漏状况较好时,保护性耕作下的玉米产量较传统耕作高[26,31-38];此外,在不考虑气候及土壤条件时,某些土壤类型保护性耕作下的大豆和冬小麦产量较传统耕作高或与传统耕作下的产量无明显差别[29,33,39-43]。
1.1 保护性耕作在热带地区的研究现状
在热带地区,许多学者研究了保护性耕作对作物产量及土壤理化性状的影响,结果发现,与传统的耕作方式相比,保护性耕作,如免耕或少耕可提高土壤含水量及玉米产量[31,34,44-46]。在热带地区,保护性耕作在农业及经济上的作用主要受降水量及其分布的影响[47]。因此,相应的研究结果存在区域性差异,例如THIAGALINGAM等[32]研究发现,免耕能提高大豆和玉米的产量,尤其在干旱年份效果更明显;但ZOTARELLI等[48]研究表明,免耕能提高大豆产量,而传统耕作方式下的玉米产量则更高;同样,WILHELM等[49]研究发现,玉米产量随降雨量及其分布而变化。其他研究结果显示,由于相应水分利用效率(WUE)的提高,地表作物残茬覆盖可显著提高作物产量,尤其在干旱年份当地表覆盖有作物残茬时,WUE 会更高[8,47,50]。VERHULST等[51]研究发现,在作物生长季,免耕条件下,作物虽在初始阶段生长缓慢,但后期生长较快,从而提高了最终的籽粒产量。此外,免耕还可提高土壤有机质含量及表层土壤的孔隙度[45],但对0~10 cm土层的土壤容重无明显的影响[52]。
1.2 保护性耕作在亚热带地区的研究现状
研究表明,在亚热带地区,免耕可提高总的土壤有机碳含量[53-54]及0~5 cm土层的水稳性团聚体含量,但使得表层土壤的孔隙度降低[55-56],土壤容重增大[57]。许多研究表明,与传统耕作相比,免耕可保持更多的水分,且显著提高玉米籽粒的产量及水分利用率[41,58-62];SARKAR等[21]研究发现,浅层耕作可以提高土壤水分、大麦产量以及水分利用率。
1.3 保护性耕作在温带地区的研究现状
在温带地区,当土壤处于渗漏性较差的条件时,保护性耕作(免耕或少耕)下的作物产量等于或低于传统耕作[63-65];但也有些研究结果表明,保护性耕作提高了玉米产量[27]。免耕秸秆覆盖可提高土壤有机碳含量[14,66],降低地表径流,提高土壤含水量[67],并能降低N2O气体的排放量。此外,研究结果还表明,免耕或少耕导致土壤表层容重增大,土壤入渗量降低[68-69]。尽管一些研究结果显示,在温带气候区保护性耕作的不足包括降低作物产量[70]及影响土壤物理特性(即降低土壤入渗量和增加土壤容重),但随着免耕配套农机具的逐步发展以及燃料费用的逐步降低,可能会使免耕成为较经济的耕作系统[71]。另外,保护性耕作具有较好的经济和生态效益[65]。
1.4 保护性耕作在国内的研究现状
我国已有许多关于保护性耕作方面的研究,但这些研究主要集中于我国北方的华北平原(31°24′N~42°42′N,110°18′E~122°42′E)和西北地区,尤其是黄土高原地区(34°30′N~38°6′N,103°47′E~113°26′E)。研究表明,传统耕作方式可加速土壤退化及水资源的匮乏,降低作物生产力及水分利用效率[72-73]。而保护性耕作则可提高土壤物理化学及生物性状,从而降低土壤侵蚀,提高土壤含水量、水分利用效率及作物产量[41,59,74-75],可起到储水保墒、节能、节水、节肥的作用[76-78]。然而,在我国东北地区关于保护性耕作效益的研究较少,该区域位于温带气候区且传统耕作已被应用了几百年。CHEN等[79]研究了保护性耕作对于土壤表层(0~15 cm)含水量的影响;FAN等[80]研究了不同耕作方式及作物轮作对作物产量及效益的影响。而对于剖面土壤水分的分布,深层土壤水分储量及水分利用效率方面的报道较少。
2 问题和展望
从国内外对保护性耕作相关问题的研究看,保护性耕作在不同气候区域都取得了长足发展,主要集中在保护性耕作对土壤质量及作物生长和产量的影响等方面。就目前研究中存在的问题提出保护性耕作在国内未来研究中的几点建议。
从目前的研究来看,主要存在的问题为:保护性耕作多应用于高侵蚀及半干旱土壤区域,对于湿润及降水较多的区域,保护性耕作的应用相对匮乏;在不同的区域,保护性耕作所对应的技术体系不同,而保护性耕作技术因在不同区域推广程度不同,其成熟程度差异较大,即使在推广范围大、技术成熟的区域,技术的适用区域也不十分明确;保护性耕作配套技术一直未能很好地解决;保护性耕作多应用于玉米、大豆和小麦作物,对于其他作物应用较少;与不同作物配套的保护性耕作机具匮乏,导致其增产效果以及对土壤的改良效果受到影响。
针对目前存在的问题,应该根据不同气候或土壤区域条件等实地情况,研发相应的保护性耕作配套技术规程,例如,位于不同气候区域的高原、丘陵、盆地以及平原地区其适宜的保护性耕作模式不同,应根据具体区域进行研发;应该研发适用不同作物的保护性耕作技术体系和相应的保护性耕作农机具,如针对玉米、小麦、大豆等农作物,其适宜保护性耕作技术体系不同,配套的农机具也应具体研发;应该普及保护性耕作的知识,定期进行保护性耕作知识的讲座以及技术指导,如秸秆还田、免耕播种、垄沟深松、浅层耕作、化学除草剂的使用等;进行保护性耕作的深入研究和推广,应在取得国家经费支持的情况下,争取地方政府的支持,使得研究成果及时得到示范推广,比如对于响应保护性耕作的农民,地方政府应该给予一定的优惠政策,使保护性耕作得到广泛有效的推广和应用。
参考文献:
[1]KIENZLERK M,LAMERS J P A,MCDONALDA,et al.Conservation agriculture in Central Asia-What do we knowand where do we gofromhere?[J].Field Crops Res,2012,132:95-105.
[2]SERRAJ R,SIDDIQUE K H M.Conservation agriculture in dry areas[J].Field Crops Res,2012,132:1-6.
[3] VALBUENA D,ERENSTEIN O,HOMANN-KEE TUI S,et al.Conservation agriculture in mixed crop-livestock systems:scoping crop residue trade-offs in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia[J].Field Crops Res,2012,132:175-184.
[4]PRETTY J.Agricultural sustainability:concepts,principles and evidence[J].Phi Trans RSoc B,2008,363:447-465.
[5] GREGORICH E G,TURCHENEK L W,CARTER M R,et al.Soil and environmental science dictionary for the Canadian society of soil science[M].Boca Raton London:CRCPress,2001.
[6]DRURY CF,REYNOLDS WD,WELACKY TW,et al.Impacts of zone tillage and red clover on corn performance and soil physical quality[J].Soil Sci Soc AmJ,2003,67:867-877.
[7]SINGHY,SINGHB,TIMSINA J.Crop residue management for nutrient cycling and improving soil productivity in rice-based cropping systems in tropics[J].AdvAgron,2005,85:269-407.
[8] MUPANGWA W,TWOMLOW S,WALKER S.Reduced tillage,mulching and rotational effects on maize (Zea mays L.),cowpea(Vigna unguiculata(Walp)L.)and sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.(Moench))yields under semiarid conditions[J].Field Crops Res,2012,132:139-148.
[9] FLERCHINGER G N,HARDEGREE S P.Modelling near?surface soil temperature and moisture for germination response predictions of post-wildfire seedbeds[J].J Arid Environ,2004,59:369-385.
[10]PUUSTINENM,KOSKIAHOJ,PELTONENK.Influence of cultivation methods on suspended solids and phosphorus concentrations in surface runoff on clayey sloped fields in boreal climate[J].Agric Ecosyst Environ,2005,105:565-579.
[11]SCHWARTZRC,BAUMHARDTRL,EVETTS R.Tillage effects on soil water redistribution and bare soil evaporation throughout a season[J].Soil Tillage Res,2010,110:221-229.
[12] ZHANG S L,ZHANG X Y,HUFFMAN T,et al.Influence of topography and land management on soil nutrients variability in Northeast China[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst,2011,89:427-438.
[13] SHARMA P,ABROL V,SHARMA R K.Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics,energy requirement and crop performance in maize-wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols[J].India Eur J Agron,2011,34:46-51.
[14] YANG X M,DRURY C F,REYNOLDS W D,et al.Impacts of long-term and recently imposed tillage practices on the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon[J].Soil Tillage Res,2008,100:120-124.
[15]SHI XH,YANGXM,DRURYCF,et al.Impact of ridge tillage on soil organic carbon and selected physical properties of a clay loam in Southwestern Ontario[J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,120:1-7.
[16]CAMPBELL CA,BIEDERBECK V O,SCHNITZERM,et al.Effect of 6 years of zero tillage and N fertilizer management on changes in soil quality of an orthic brown chernozemin Southwestern Saskatchewan[J].Soil Tillage Res,1989,14:39-52.
[17] DRURY C F,TAN C S,WELACKY T W,et al.Red clover and tillage influence on soil temperature,water content,and corn emergence[J].Agron J,1999,91:101-108.
[18]MCCONKEY B G,LIANGB C,CAMPBELL CA,et al.Crop rotation and tillage impact on carbon sequestration in Canadian prairie soils[J].Soil Tillage Res,2003,74:81-90.
[19]FRANZLUEBBERS A J,SCHOMBERGHH,ENDALE DM.Surface-soil responses toparaplowing of long-termno-tillage cropland in the Southern Piedmont USA[J].Soil Tillage Res,2007,96:303-315.
[20]OZPINARS.Effects of tillage systems on weed population and economics for winter wheat production under the Mediterranean dryland conditions[J].Soil Tillage Res,2006,87:1-8.
[21] SARKAR S,SINGH S R.Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature,productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley (Hordium Vulgare L.) [J].Soil Tillage Res,2007,92:79-86.
[22] BEN MOUSSA-MACHRAOUI S,ERROUISSI F,BEN-HAMMOUDA M,et al.Comparative effectsof conventional and no-Tillage management on some soil properties under Mediterranean semiarid conditions in Northwestern Tunisia[J].Soil Tillage Res,2010,106:247-253.
[23]JINYH,ZHOUDW,JIANGS C.Comparison of soil water content and corn yield in furrow and conventional ridge sown systems in a semiarid region of China[J].Agric Water Manage,2010,97:326-332.
[24]DELAUNE P B,SIJ J W.Impact of tillage on runoff in long term no-till wheat systems[J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,124:32-35.
[25]PRASUHNV.On-farm effects of tillage and crops on soil erosion measured over 10 years in Switzerland [J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,120:137-146.
[26] KASSAMA,FRIEDRICH T,DERPSCH R,et al.Conservation agriculture in the dry Mediterranean climate[J].Field Crops Res,2012,132:7-17.
[27]IRAGAVARAPUTK,RANDALL GW.Yield and nitrogen uptake of monocropped maize from a long-term tillage experiment on a poorly drained soil[J].Soil Tillage Res,1995,34:145-156.
[28] ANKEN T,WEISSKOPF P,ZIHLMANN,et al.Long-term tillage system effects under moist cool conditions in Switzerland [J].Soil Tillage Res,2004,78:171-183.
[29] ALVAREZ R,STEINBACH H S.A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties,water content,nitrate availability and crops yield in the argentine pampas[J].Soil Tillage Res,2009,104:1-15.
[30]CHENY,LIUS,LI H,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on corn and soybean yield in the humid continental climate region of Northeast China[J].Soil Tillage Res,2011,115/116:56-61.
[31]OJENIYI S O.Effect of zero-tillage and disc ploughing on soil water,soil temperature and growth and yield of maize(Zea Mays L.)[J].Soil Tillage Res,1986,7:173-182.
[32]THIAGALINGAMK,GOULD N,WATSONP.Effect of tillage on rainfed maize and soybean yield and the nitrogen fertilizer requirements for maize[J].Soil Tillage Res,1991,19:47-54.
[33] HUSSAINI,OLSONK R,EBELHARS A.Impacts of tillage and no-till on production of maize and soybean on an eroded Illinois silt loamsoil[J].Soil Tillage Res,1999,52:37-49.
[34]SOMMERR,WALL P C,GOVAERTS B.Model-based assessment of maize cropping under conventional and conservation agriculture in highland Mexico[J].Soil Tillage Res,2007,94:83-100.
[35]ALLETTOL,COQUETY,JUSTES E.Effects of tillage and fallow period management on soil physical behaviour and maize development[J].Agric Water Manage,2011,102:74-85.
[36]ENFORS E,BARRONJ,MAKURIRA H,et al.Yield and soil system changes from conservation tillage in dryland farming:A case study from North Eastern Tanzania[J].Agric Water Manage,2011,98:1687-1695.
[37]WANG X B,DAI K,ZHANG D C,et al.Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response totillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China[J].Field Crops Res,2011,120:47-57.
[38]CULLUMRF.Influence of tillage on maize yield in soil with shallowfragipan[J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,119:1-6.
[39]CANNELL RQ,HAWES J D.Trends in tillage practices in relation to sustainable crop production with special reference to temperate climates[J].Soil Tillage Res,1994,30:245-282.
[40] DE VITA P,DI PAOLO E,FECONDO G,et al.No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield,grain quality and soil moisture content in Southern Italy[J].Soil Tillage Res,2007,92:69-78.
[41]SUZY,ZHANGJ S,WUWL,et al.Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water use efficiency and crop yield on the loess plateau,China[J].Agric Water Manage,2007,87:307-314.
[42] CHAKRABORTY D,NAGARAJANS,AGGARWAL P,et al.Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status,and the growth and yield of wheat(Triticum Aestivum L.)in a semi-arid environment[J].Agric Water Manage,2008,95:1323-1334.
[43]HE J Q,DUKES MD,HOCHMUTH G J,et al.Identifying Irrigation and nitrogen best management practices for sweet corn production on sandy soils using Ceres-maize model[J].Agric Water Manage,2012,109:61-70.
[44] OSUJI G E.Water storage,water use and maize yield for tillage systems on a tropical alfisol in Nigeria[J].Soil Tillage Res,1984,4:339-348.
[45]MAURYA P R.Effect of tillage and residue management of maize and wheat yield and on physical properties of an irrigated sandy loam soil in northern Nigeria [J].Soil Tillage Res,1986,8:161-170.
[46] NAUDIN K,GOZ?E,BALARABE O,et al.Impact of no tillage and mulching practices on cotton production in North Cameroon:A multi-locational on-farm assessment[J].Soil Tillage Res,2010,108:68-76.
[47] BENITES J R,OFORI C S.Crop production through conservation-effective tillage in the tropics[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1993,27:9-33.
[48]ZOTARELLI L,ZATORRE NP,BODDEY RM,et al.Influence of no-tillage and frequency of a green manure legume in crop rotations for balancing N outputs and preserving soil organic C stocks[J].Field Crops Res,2012,132:185-195.
[49] WILHELM W W,SCHEPERS J S,MIELKE L N,et al.Dryland maize development and yield resulting from tillage and nitrogen fertilization practices[J].Soil Tillage Res,1987,10:167-179.
[50] MUKHERJEE A,KUNDU M,SARKAR S.Role of irrigation and mulch on yield,evapotranspiration rate and water use pattern of tomato(Lycopersicon Esculentum L.)[J].Agric Water Manage,2010,98:182-189.
[51] VERHULST N,GOVAERTS B,NELISSENV,et al.The effect of tillage,crop rotation and residue management on maize and wheat growth and development evaluated with an optical sensor[J].Field Crops Res,2011,120:58-67.
[52]LAL R.Long-termtillage and maize monoculture effects on a tropical alfisol in western Nigeria.I.crop yield and soil physical properties[J].Soil Tillage Res,1997,42:145-160.
[53]ROLDÁNA,SALINAS-GARCÍA J R,ALGUACIL MM,et al.Soil sustainability indicators following conservation tillage practices under subtropical maize and bean crops[J].Soil Tillage Res,2007,93:273-282.
[54]LI CF,YUE L X,KOUZK,et al.Short-term effects of conservation management practices on soil labile organic carbon fractions under a rape-rice rotation in central China[J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,119:31-37.
[55] SASAL M C,ANDRIULO A E,TABOADA M A.Soil porosity characteristics and water movement under zero tillage in silty soils in Argentinian Pampas[J].Soil Tillage Res,2006,87:9-18.
[56]LI XH,HANXZ,LI HB,et al.Soil chemical and biological properties affected by 21-Year application of composted manure with chemical fertilizers in a Chinese Mollisol[J].Can J Soil Sci,2012,92:419-428.
[57]WYNGAARD N,ECHEVERR?A H E,SAINZROZAS H R,et al.Fertilization and tillage effects on soil properties and maize yield in a Southern Pampas Argiudoll[J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,119:22-30.
[58]LIUY,LI S Q,CHENF,et al.Soil water dynamics and water use efficiency in spring maize(Zea Mays L.)fields subjected todifferent water management practices on the loess plateau,China[J].A-gric Water Manage,2010,97:769-775.
[59]WANGQJ,CHENH,LI HW,et al.Controlled traffic farming with no tillage for improved fallow water storage and crop yield on the Chinese loess plateau[J].Soil Tillage Res,2009,104:192-197.
[60] WANG Y J,XIE Z K,MALHI S S,et al.Effects of gravel-sand mulch,plastic mulch and ridge and furrowrainfall harvesting systemcombinations on water use efficiency,soil temperature and watermelon yield in a semi-arid loess plateau of Northwestern China[J].Agric Water Manage,2011,101:88-92.
[61]ZHANG S L,L?VDAHL L,GRIP H,et al.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the loess plateau of China[J].Soil Tillage Res,2009a,102:78-86.
[62] ZHANG S L,ZHANG X Y,HUFFMAN T,et al.Soil loss,crop growth,and economic margins under different management systems on a sloping field in the black soil area of Northeast China[J].J Sustain,2011b,35:293-311.
[63]KARUNATILAKE U,VANES H M,SCHINDELBECK RR.Soil and maize response to plow and no-tillage after alfalfa-to-maize conversion on a clay loam soil in New York[J].Soil Tillage Res,2000,55:31-42.
[64]DRURY CF,REYNOLDS WD,YANXM,et al.Nitrogen source,application time,and tillage effects on soil nitrous oxide emission and corn grain yields[J].Soil Sci Soc AmJ,2011,76:1268-1279.
[65]GRUBERS,PEKRUNC,M-HRING J,et al.Long-term yield and weed response to conservation and stubble tillage in Sw Germany[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2012,121:49-56.
[66]LÓPEZMV,ARRúE J L,ÁLVARO-FUENTES J,et al.Dynamics of surface barley residues during fallowas affected by tillage and decomposition in semiarid Aragon (Ne Spain)[J].Eur J Agron,2005,23:26-36.
[67] DAHIYA R,INGWERSENJ,STRECK T.The effect of mulching and tillage on the water and temperature regimes of a loess soil:Experimental findings and modeling[J].Soil Tillage Res,2007,96:52-63.
[68] LIPIEC J.Soil porosity and water infiltration as influenced by tillage methods[J].Soil Tillage Res,2006,89:210-220.
[69] GLAB T,KULIG B.Effect of mulch and tillage system on soil porosity under wheat (Triticum aestivum)[J].Soil Tillage Res,2008,99:169-178.
[70]BOOMSMA CR,SANTINI J B,WESTTD,et al.Maize grain yield responses toplant height variability resulting fromcrop rotation and tillage system in a long-term experiment[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2010,106:227-240.
[71] SOANE B D,BALL B C,ARVIDSSON J,et al.No-till in northern,western and south-western Europe:A review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment[J].Soil Tillage Res,2012,118:66-87.
[72] HE J,WANG Q J,LI H W,et al.Effect of alternative tillage and residue cover on yield and water use efficiency in annual double cropping system in North China Plain [J].Soil Tillage Res,2009,104:198-205.
[73]CHENC,WANG E,YU Q.Modelling the effects of climate variability and water management on crop water productivity and water balance in the North China[J].Agric Water Manage,2010,97:1175-1184.
[74]HOUXQ,LI R,JIA ZK,et al.Effects of rotational tillage practices on soil properties,winter wheat yields and water-use efficiency in semi-arid areas of north-west China [J].Field Crops Res,2012,129:7-13.
[75]郭瑞,季书勤,王汉芳.保护性耕作研究进展及其应用探讨[J].河南农业科学,2007(7):5-9.
[76]李杰林,兰惊雷,李永昌,等.山西少、免耕之保护性耕作技术浅议[J].山西农业科学,2008,36(1):8-11.
[77]唐雪辉,贺建文,白桂萍.不同施氮量和密度对稻田免耕直播油菜产量的影响[J].天津农业科学,2012,18(5):92-94.
[78]李素娟,李琳,陈阜,等.保护性耕作对华北平原冬小麦水分利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2007,22(Z1):115-120.
[79] CHENX P,ZHANG F S,CUI Z L,et al.Optimizing soil nitrogen supply in the root zone to improve maize management[J].Soil Sci Soc AmJ,2010,74:1367-1373.
[80] FANRQ,ZHANG X P,LIANG A Z,SHI X H,et al.Tillage and rotation effects on crop yield and profitability on a black soil in northeast China[J].Can J Soil Sci,2012,92:463-470.