结构作为空间设计要素

丹尼尔·瓦尔泽/Daniel A. Walser

黄华青 译/Translated by HUANG Huaqing

结构工程是所有现行事务所的设计过程中不可或缺的要素。在格劳宾登州有一批年轻一代工程师：帕特里克·加特曼、伊曼努埃拉·费拉里、洛伦茨·科赫和安德利亚·佩德拉奇尼，他们是空间建筑结构发展的核心人物。此外还有几个项目来自瓦尔特·比勒，他主要采用木结构。这些工程师通过结构设计，赋予建筑独特的内涵与清晰的态度。建筑与结构协力同行。

结构工程是建筑的必要部分。结构是建筑的骨架，是建筑所有部分中最持久的；它如同城市肌理一样，能够经手数个世纪的时间洗礼。而建筑立面、建造技术及表皮皆需不时更新或重修。在帕特里克·加特曼看来，结构应是建筑最耐久的部分，或者用他的话说，“成为一处优美的遗迹”。他对于预制结构装配、或仅仅为了造价控制而寻求简化结构方案的做法皆不感兴趣。他在项目中寻求的结构，不仅在经济上对客户很有吸引力，而且对建筑及建造来说也是高效的。最便捷的方案往往在空间上是乏味的，很少能为项目增添价值。而一个聪明的建造方案，往往要经历更艰苦的思考过程，但到了工地现场总是更为高效、节约建筑材料。这就是为什么他常能赢得建筑竞标。他的事务所目前在设计苏黎世的两座体育场馆：与Pool Architects事务所合作的哈德图姆足球场 （2016-2021/22）以及与卡鲁索·圣约翰建筑事务所合作的ZSCLV冰球馆（2010-2022）。两个项目的结构设计都很经济，但却表达了清晰的态度和空间概念。

实践积累、而非标准化的建筑知识

帕特里克·加特曼在谈及他的作品时，透露出他对建筑场地及实践重要性的痴迷1）。他希望挖掘事物的运行原理，弄清建造的本质及建造的方式。早在学生时代，他就抓住每次机会，与朋友一起泡在建筑工地。并不是说我们只能从书本或建筑工地中学习：从既有结构中，我们同样可以学到它们如何随时间作用、移动和弯曲。这赋予我们关于结构诸可能性的基础知识，而非标准化的常识。这亦创造了实验的契机。

1 一个实验性的、垂直的红色塔楼被用作剧院空间。由朱丽艾尔·帕斯，剧院院长及建筑师乔凡尼·纳兹尔和结构工程师瓦尔特·比勒在2017年设计。这座29.10m高的临时性建筑，作为剧院的使用年限是5年，后期将会被拆除/An experimental, vertical theatre space for Origen as a Red Theatre Tower, on top of the Julier Pass (Switzerland), Giovanni Netzer (theatre director for Origen and architecture), Walter Bieler (structural engineering), 2017. It is a temporary, 29.10m high building, which functions as a theatre for 5 years. Afterwards, it needs to be removed. （摄影/Photo: Daniel A. Walser）

Structural engineering is an essential aspect in the design process for all presented offices. The engineers Patrick Gartmann, Emanuela Ferrari,Lorenz Kocher and Andrea Pedrazzini are in Grisons a younger generation, who at present are key-figures in the development of spatial building structures.Besides them, several projects are developed with Walter Bieler, who works with plain wood. These engineers give the architecture a meaning and a clear attitude with their structural engineering.Architecture and the structure work hand in hand.

Structural engineering is an essential part in architecture. The structure is the skeleton, which will last longest of all building layers and which, besides urban layout, is the part that is the most durable for centuries.From time to time facade, building services engineering or surfaces need to be renewed or redone. For Patrick Gartmann the structure should be the most durable or as he underlines: "should be a beautiful ruin". He is neither interested in assembling prefabricated elements to do a structure, nor in doing a simplified structural concept just to be cost effective for his office. He triggers a project to get an efficient structure, which is financially interesting for the client and for the building and its construction. The fastest solution often is spatially boring and often does not bring any extra value to a project. But with a clever construction the thinking process needs probably more effort but on the building site one is more efficient and does need less building material. This is probably why he is often able to win architecture competitions. His office is at the moment building two stadiums in Zurich: Hardturm for soccer with Pool Architects (2016-2021/22) and ZSCLV Arenafor hockey with Caruso St John Architects (2010-2022).Both projects are highly efficient but still offer a clear attitude and a spatial idea.

对于建造实践的认知是其事务所结构的重要部分，他们严谨地控制建造过程，对建造质量负责。当然，一些本地建筑师，如彼得·卒姆托、瓦勒里欧·奥加提、贝阿特和德普拉策斯等，也为这些结构工程师提供了另一基点，不断提出挑战。

建筑师与结构工程师是同一硬币的两面

以上提及的结构工程师都与建筑有直接联系，其中大多数甚至拥有建筑学的第二学位。帕特里克·加特曼在库尔应用技术大学获得土木工程学学位后，又学了建筑。他的合伙人伊曼努埃拉·费拉里也是如此。瓦尔特·比勒在获得土木工程学学位后，继续在苏黎世联邦理工学院攻读建筑与景观、建筑与支撑结构、木结构桥梁的课程。洛伦茨·科赫先在洛桑及苏黎世联邦理工学院学习建筑，然后又在苏黎世联邦理工学院攻读土木工程的第二学位。安德利亚·佩德拉奇尼毕业后曾在苏黎世的卡拉特拉瓦事务所工作。

结构工程师的工作与建筑师的工作紧密关联。与其说它是对既定任务的完成，不如说是寻求恰当解决方案的雄心。由于他们不处于大城市中心，故而有更多时间聚焦于工作和项目上。建筑师和结构工程师一样，都以实现传统住宅那样的简洁性为梦想。这一梦想就体现在结构的纯粹性之上。

2 哈德图姆足球场（2016-2022）结构工程师费拉里-加特曼/Hardturm Stadium for soccer with Pool Architects (2016-2022).Ferrari Gartmann AG (structural engineering)

结构工程之重要性的历史维度

鉴于格劳宾登州的山地环境及特殊地质条件，结构工程一直都是个重要议题。要想到达阿尔卑斯山的另一侧，只有通过桥梁或其他结构工程的方式。因此，结构设计一直很重要。历史上有不少结构工程师，如理查德·拉尼卡（1794-1883），他们在道路加固、河流排涝、通往南面的桥梁修建等工作上发挥了关键性作用。

在铁路系统或水力发电站项目中，基础设施与建造技术的设计关系不仅对于业主看重的形式十分重要，亦表达了结构工程师对景观的敬意。在RhB公司于1900年左右修建的铁路系统中，引入了壮观的石桥以取代铸铁结构。

其中，罗伯特·迈雅（1872-1940）是一位杰出的结构工程师，他设计了希尔斯的塞金纳特伯大桥（1930）。这座混凝土桥梁是一座非常优雅的三铰框架。迈雅赢得这项竞标，是因为他设计的桥梁方案是最高效、最经济的。理查德·科瑞（1869-1946）为塞金纳特伯大桥这样的桥梁建造过程设计了近乎艺术品的木脚手架支撑结构。克里斯蒂安·梅恩（1927- ）曾在苏黎世联邦理工学院教书，他是最有趣的桥梁设计师之一。他的桥梁设计作品根植于迈雅及当代结构工程学，但始终将美学作为桥梁设计的要素。正是因为梅恩，圣地亚哥·卡拉特拉瓦才来到苏黎世学习结构工程。

结构工程师尤格·布赫利（1944-2010）在一定程度上说是彼得·卒姆托的建造大脑。正是他的结构发明，使圣本尼迪克特教堂这样的项目成为可能——在这座教堂中，他采用铁水带将木构件锚固在一个中间点。尤格·康策特（1956- ）毕业后曾在彼得·卒姆托的事务所工作（1981-1987），他用睿智的结构设计融合了建筑与工程设计，使建筑师的设计理念成为可能。他对于建筑、历史和理论都极感兴趣，并试图将这些思索融入一个清晰、抽象的概念。很多年轻工程师都曾在他的事务所工作，加特曼甚至当过合伙人（1997-2015）。

结构是一种本质

结构是一种本质，它是建筑内部空间思想的抽象产物，并藉由天然建筑材料的使用逐步净化。它使我们避免形式主义窠臼——如同在很多城市项目中常见的那样。

在瑞士，一项越发重要的议题是抗震安全。在建筑师拉斐尔·祖博尔设计的格罗诺校舍及幼儿园（2011）中，结构工程师在建筑表现的设计上帮了很大的忙：它同时满足当今抗震规范的要求。由建筑师安杰拉·多伊贝尔与工程师帕特里克·加特曼合作设计的布亨塔尔校舍及幼儿园项目（2013），则采取一种幽默的方式为孩子们建立一座既开放、又私密的学校。

3.4巴西巴罗斯帕克办公楼，建筑师瓦勒里欧·奥加提，结构工程师费拉里·加特曼，2020，建筑立面反映了建筑的结构力量/Office Building Baloisepark, Basel, Valerio Olgiati(architect), Ferrari Gartmann AG (structural engineering),2020, the facade mirrors in its construction the forces in the building.

Building knowledge based on practice, not in norms

When Patrick Gartmann talks about his work,he underlines his fascination of building sites and the importance of practice. He wants to know how something works. He wants to know the essence of a construction and how one builds it. Already during his studies he used every free minute to sneak together with a study friend of his to building sites. It is not just that one can learn from books or building sites: one can learn as much from existing structures and see how they work, move, bend over time. This gives a basic knowledge of what is possible, and not about what norms might allow.This opens possibilities to experiment.

This building knowledge of how to build is on one hand part of the office structure, they really control what they build themselves on site and are responsible for the quality of the construction. And of course the local presence of architects like Peter Zumthor, Valerio Olgiati or Bearth and Deplazes give as well the local structural engineers a different spin and challenge their work.

Architects and structural engineers are apart of the same coin

The mentioned structural engineers have a direct relation with architecture. Most of them even hold a second degree in architecture. Patrick Gartmann studied architecture after his civil engineering degree at the University of Applied Sciences HTW Chur. His partner Emanuela Ferrari did the same. After his degree in civil engineering Walter Bieler took further education at the ETH Zurich in architecture and landscape, architecture and supporting structure, and wooden bridge constructions. Lorenz Kocher studied first architecture at ETH Lausanne and Zurich and then, as a second-degree civil engineering at the ETH in Zurich. Andrea Pedrazzini worked after his studies at the office of Santiago Calatrava in Zurich.

The structural engineers' work is very close with the work of the architects. It is less a fulfilling of the given tasks as the ambition to find the right solution. And because one is not in a big urbancentre the people have more time to focus on their work and interact to work at a project. Architects,but as well engineers dream of a simplicity that one can find in traditional houses. This dream is reflected in the purity of the constructions.

5.钢结构住房研究项目由建筑师帕斯卡·弗莱墨和结构工程师洛伦茨·科赫主持。该项目利用材料的可能性来定义空间，且仍然将由混合元素组成的极薄结构层应用于地板和墙壁。利用钢的机械性能及建筑材料的可能性，共同创造出一个空间/Pascal Flamer (architect) and Lorenz Kocher (structural engineer): Research project for a steel construction for housing. The proposed project uses the possibilities of the material to define the space with the material and still have extremely thin construction layers out of hybrid elements for the floors slabs and steel plates for the walls. The space is created through the use of the possibilities of the construction material by using the mechanical properties of steel.

6 钢结构住房研究项目由建筑师帕斯卡·弗莱墨和结构工程师洛伦茨·科赫主持。该项目利用材料的可能性来定义空间，且仍 然将 由混 合元 素组 成的 极薄 结构 层应 用于 地板 和墙 壁。 利用 钢的 机械 性能 及建 筑材 料的 可能 性， 共同 创造 出一个空 间/Pascal Flamer (architect) and Lorenz Kocher (structural engineer): Research project for a steel construction for housing. The proposed project uses the possibilities of the material to define the space with the material and still have extremely thin construction layers out of hybrid elements for the floors slabs and steel plates for the walls. The space is created through the use of the possibilities of the construction material by using the mechanical properties of steel.

瓦尔特·比勒设计的木结构大多数时候都没有加固措施。他将木板连接起来，高效又一目了然。他的结构设计总是直率而优雅。还有很多其他案例，如拉准斯市两个村庄的社区活动中心（2010）、伊索·于翁德尔设计的特伦营地（2016）、扬·贝尔尼和耶奥格·克朗恩布尔设计的斯鲁恩市赖夫艾森体育场（2015）等等。

在科琳娜·梅恩与马克·阿曼设计的圣加仑办公楼（2017）中，结构和建筑自重传递的方式是核心设计理念。阿基特设计的阿尔德茨市凯萨图书馆广场（2011）、库尔的博申古特住宅区（2018）也是类似的案例，空间是由图书馆悬挑体量的空间结构概念、或住宅中的亲密空间概念所界定的。空间是设计的核心。

洛伦茨·科赫是个知识分子，游走于建筑与结构之间。这两个职业的交互将激发真正的力量。它不在于谁为项目贡献了什么想法。它只关乎最终结果。结构工程师的贡献是一个清晰的、空间性的建筑结构。安德利亚·佩德拉奇尼曾如此概括：“协力造屋”。他便是这样做的。这无关乎谁做了什么贡献，而关乎最终的结果——必然是一件合作完成的作品。

7.82011年，结构工程师安德利亚·佩德拉奇尼与建筑师尼古拉·巴塞加，克里斯蒂安·莫赛迪在基亚索携手合作的体育馆项目/The structural engineer Andrea Pedrazzini works hand in hand with the architects Nicola Baserga and Christian Mozzetti: "to design with friends". Double gym, Chiasso, 2011, Baserga Mozzetti Architects, structural engineer Andrea Pedrazzini (Ingegneri Pedrazzini Guidotti). （摄影/Photos: Filippo Simonetti）

9将现有结构重建，使其满足今日的需求很困难，需要就结构、材料、结构以及其历史进行特定的了解。2008年在马兰斯完成的凡·默思住宅项目尽最大可能保留了16世纪的痕迹。项目由建筑师米夏埃尔·海米，米歇尔·瓦塞拉与马塞尔·普拉合作/To rebuild an existing structure and update it todays needs is difficult and needs a specific knowledge about structure, materials, constructions and how they age. A house and keep as much as possible is not just a Renovation of house von Moos from the 16th century, Malans, 2008, Michael Hemmi from Haldenstein and Michele Vassella from Chur in collaboration with Marcel Pola (architects), Walter Bieler (structural engineer). （摄影/Photo: Ralph Feiner）

The importance of structural engineering has a historical dimension

Because of the mountains and the specific geological conditions in Grisons structural engineering was always a big issue. Passages to the other side of the Alps were only possible with bridges and other structural work. Therefore engineering was always important.Historical figures such as the civil engineer Richard La Nicca (1794-1883) were important figures to secured roads, drained rivers and built bridges to the south.

The design relation of infrastructure and built technologies for railway system or hydro electric power plants was important to form from the clients but as well from engineers an respect towards the landscape.During the construction of the railway system RhB around 1900 there were introduced impressive stone bridges instead of iron constructions.

An exceptional structural engineer was Robert Mailart (1872-1940) who built the Salginatobel-bridge at Schiers (1930). The concrete bridge has a very elegant three-hinged frame. Mailart won the competition because his bridge was the most efficient and less costly construction. Richard Coray (1869-1946) built almost artistic wooden scaffold sub-structures to be used to build bridges as the Salginatobel-bridge. Christian Menn (1927-) taught at the ETH in Zurich, is one of the most interesting bridge designers. His work as a bridge designer is rooted in Maillart and contemporary engineering but always considered aesthetics as an important element in bridge design. Because of Menn Santiago Calatrava came to Zurich to study structural engineering.

The structural engineer Jürg Buchli (1944-2010) was a kind of master brain for Peter Zumthor constructions. His inventions made projects as the chapel San Benedict possible where he worked with a hot iron belt to tighten together the wooden elements at a central piece. Jürg Conzett (1956-), who worked after his studies at the office of Peter Zumthor (1981-1987),architects and engineers with his clear engineering,which supports the design idea of the architect. He is extremely interested in architecture, history and theory and tries to link these elements to a clear and abstract thought. Many young engineers worked in his office;Gartmann was even a partner (1997-2015).

Structure is a kind of essence

The structure is a kind of essence, an abstraction of the inner spatial thought of the building, and purifies with the work of natural building material.It's an escape from design formalism, as we can find it in more urban projects.

An increasingly important issue in Switzerland is the earthquake security. For the school and kindergarten in Grono by the architect Raphael Zuber(2011) the structural engineer was an important help to design the expression of the building: it follows the needs of today's earthquake regulations.The schoolhouse and kindergarten at Buchen in Thal (2013) by architect Angela Deuber and the engineering of Patrick Gartmann is a playful way to build an open school for kids that is intimate too.

Walter Bieler uses wooden constructions with no reinforcing most of time. He connects plain wood, which is efficient and one knows and sees what one does. His structures are straight forward and elegant. Communal work place for the two villages in Rhäzüns (2010), Camping Ogna in Trun by Iso Huonder (2016) or the Raiffeisen Arena"Crap Gries" in Schluein by Jan Berni and Georg Krähenbühl (2015) are some examples of many.

With Corinna Menn and Mark Ammann in their office building in St. Gallen (2017) the structure and the way one brings the weight of a building down is the main thing. Arquint's library Chesa Platz in Ardez (2011), or the housing area Böschengut in Chur(2018) are other examples, where the space is defined out of a spatial idea of the hanging volumes in the library or the intimacy space of the houses.The space is the key element.

Lorenz Kocher is the intellectual, who crosses from architecture to engineering. The interaction between the two professions is the real power. It is less about who contributed with which idea to a project. It is about the final result. The engineer can contribute with a clear and spatial building structure. For Andrea Pedrazzini phrased it once like this: "building with friends". That is what he does. It is less about who does what in a building,but about the final result which in any case will be a collaborative work.

注释/Note

1）2017年12月20日采访帕特里克·加特曼/Interview with Patrick Gartmann 20. December 2017, Chur.