急性肾损伤患者肾脏替代治疗时机研究进展
2018-02-13石海鹏吕杰安友仲
石海鹏,吕杰,安友仲
目前,急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)已成为重症医学科急危重患者最常见的并发症之一,其预后差、病死率高,是导致患者死亡的独立危险因素[1–2]。AKI的临床治疗策略包括液体疗法、利尿疗法及肾脏替代疗法(renal replacement therapy,RRT)等,其中RRT能改善患者的内环境及临床结局,是AKI患者的常规治疗方法[3-4]。现有资料提示,合并AKI的急危重患者,其住院死亡率高达60%[5],何时启动RRT成为临床医生关注的焦点。2012年一项关于重症AKI患者启动RRT时机的系统综述显示,早期RRT可能改善患者预后,缩短住院时间[6]。但过早的RRT可能导致一些能够自行恢复的患者接受不必要的治疗,从而增加并发症的发生风险,而晚期RRT有增加患者死亡率、延长住院时间的风险[7]。ELAIN研究[8]显示,早期启动RRT治疗能降低AKI患者的90d死亡率,而AKIKI研究[9]则表明启动时机对于危重患者的预后没有影响。类似的临床研究较多[10-14],如何看待这些看似矛盾的结论,目前学术界尚无定论[15-17],可能与研究患者的入选标准、临床治疗干预措施等存在较大差异有关。本文对RRT治疗时机的临床研究进展进行综述。
1 RRT“早”与“晚”的定义
目前,国际上各项临床研究关于定义RRT早、晚期应用的依据各不相同。以往,临床中出现了“危及生命的迹象”,或称之为“绝对适应证”(例如致命性的高钾血症、严重酸中毒及肺水肿等)时,才开始行RRT。2012年,改善全球肾脏病预后组织(kidney disease improving global outcomes,KDIGO)指南指出,是否开始RRT应全面考虑患者的临床背景,是否存在能被RRT改善的病情以及综合评价实验室结果的变化趋势,而非仅仅观察尿素氮(BUN)及肌酐(Cr)水平[18]。但此指南并未阐明RRT启动的明确的、标准化的阈值,且对于早期干预的定义比晚期启动还要模糊。
临床上大部分行RRT治疗的患者是因为少尿或无尿,而影响尿量的因素包括有效血容量不足、心排功能降低等肾前性因素,肾小管病变等肾性因素,以及机械性尿路梗阻等肾后性因素。截至目前,在发表的临床文献中,以尿量作为早期RRT介入时机的前瞻性研究有1篇[10],RCT研究有2篇[18-19],回顾性研究有3篇[20-22]。Crescenzi等[10]的研究共纳入1658例进行心脏手术的患者,分为早期与晚期组,“早期”RRT是指患者尿量<0.5ml/(kg·h)并持续6h后开始,而在“晚期”组中,定义为少尿持续12h。结果显示,早期行RRT对患者预后无明显影响。同样,Bouman等[16]的研究纳入了106例经液体复苏及利尿剂治疗后仍出现少尿的患者,随机将研究对象分为早期高治疗剂量组、早期低治疗剂量组和晚期低治疗剂量组。结果显示,早期组与晚期组患者28d病死率无明显差异(P=0.8)。而Oh等[20]和Ji等[22]的回顾性研究显示,早期组患者病死率明显低于晚期组。尽管这些研究的结论并不一致,但提示将尿量减少作为RRT的启动因素对心脏术后患者可能有一定的临床价值。
将血清BUN作为干预时机的研究有5篇[23-27],其中3项研究[23,26-27]的结果提示BUN处于较低水平时,应及早开始进行RRT,可能对AKI患者的预后有利。但是,Bagshaw等[24]的前瞻性研究共纳入了1238例患者,早期组和晚期组均以BUN 24.2mmol/L作为截点,得到了两组患者住院病死率差异无统计学意义的结论。因此,在不同的研究人群中,以BUN区分早、晚期来进行RRT治疗可能对患者预后的影响有所不同,究其原因可能是影响BUN的因素较多,目前不足以仅根据BUN水平来判断是否进行RRT。
基于血清肌酐(SCr)来进行判断的临床研究有2篇[24,28]。其中Bagshaw等[24]的研究中,早期和晚期组均以SCr 309μmol/L作为标准,结果显示两组病死率分别为53.4%和71.4%(P<0.0001)。同样Ostermann等[28]的回顾性研究中,纳入了1847例AKI患者,同样以SCr 309μmol/L作为早期与晚期的截点,结果也显示及早行RRT能降低患者病死率。
基于急性肾损伤RIFLE分期标准的研究有4篇[29-32]。Shiao等[29]的多中心研究收集了外科ICU 98例腹部外科手术后的AKI患者,将R期定义为早期治疗组,I-F期定义为晚期治疗组,结果显示,早期组患者住院病死率明显低于晚期组(P=0.027)。但是,Chou等[31]回顾分析了370例脓毒症AKI患者,采用同样的分组方法,却认为早期RRT不能改善预后。
基于急性肾损伤网络(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)分期标准的回顾性研究有3篇[7,33-34]。其中,Tian等[33]将160例ICU患者根据AKIN分期标准分为3组,每组再根据是否行连续性血液透析滤过(continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration,CVVHDF)治疗分为2个亚组,对组间患者28d病死率进行比较,结果显示分期越高,病死率也越高,并进一步认为AKIN 2期为最佳CRRT治疗时机。但国内胡振杰等[34]认为AKIN分期对合并AKI重症患者的ICU住院时间、存活率以及生存者残余肾功能恢复率等均无影响。
以KDIGO标准为基础的大型RCT研究有2篇[8-9],其中伴有急性肾损伤重症患者早/晚期开始肾脏替代治疗时机 (earlyversuslate initiation of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury,ELAIN)的临床研究[8]将早期组定义为KDIGO分级2级,且8h内启动RRT,共纳入112例患者,将晚期组定义为确诊KDIGO分级3级,并于12h内启动RRT,共纳入119例患者。结果显示,早期组AKI患者90d死亡率显著降低(39.0%vs.54.7%,P=0.03)。但是,肾脏损伤人工肾开始治疗时机(artificial kidney initiation in kidney injury,AKIKI)的临床研究[9]显示早期组与晚期组生存率差异无统计学意义(48.5%vs.49.7%,P=0.79)。因此,从以上文献中得到的结论最终仍存在很大矛盾,未能形成统一意见,但大多数治疗策略强调了RRT期间尽量避免并发症发生的重要性。
近10年来,国际上发表了一些针对AKI患者过早还是较迟行RRT的Meta分析,结果显示纳入的临床研究具有较大的异质性[33,35],导致做出任何明确的结论都很困难。由于患者个体和临床研究的特点,造成这种异质性的原因主要与临床研究初始设计相关,包括患者纳入标准、AKI定义不一致,以及RRT方式的差异等[19]。关于RRT时机仍无确定性标准[12]。因此,如何定义RRT治疗干预时机仍须前瞻性、多中心、大规模的随机对照试验来进一步探讨。
2 早期RRT治疗的利与弊
已有大量临床研究证实,液体过负荷对危重患者的预后是有害的[36-39],无论是否合并AKI,均可能增加重症患者的死亡风险[37,40]。尽早RRT可有效清除患者体内不需要的液体,从而改善预后。RRT在稳定内环境的同时可更早地清除体内过多的水分、毒素及炎症介质,可进一步促进肾脏功能恢复,同时缩短ICU内住院时间及机械通气时间[7]。2016年的一篇Meta分析发现,与晚期RRT组比较,早期RRT组的机械通气时间更短,更多的患者肾脏功能得到恢复[41]。
然而,早期RRT治疗也会对患者造成一定的危害,可能使患者较早出现不同程度的并发症[42],如血滤期间出现的低体温会导致体内各种酶活性下降、血栓形成、低磷血症、导管相关性感染等,从而增加并发症风险[9],同时对药物的清除也会影响治疗的疗效,增加患者的经济负担。
因此,早期与晚期行RRT各有利弊,仍须结合临床实际情况综合考虑。RRT的启动时机不仅取决于患者当时所处的疾病危重状态,还受当地医院的医疗资源、治疗水平等多个方面因素影响。尽管目前缺乏统一的RRT启动时机标准,AKI患者仍应尽早地根据本身病情的动态变化去开展RRT治疗。譬如,当临床上存在内科积极治疗效果不佳、可能随时危及生命的内环境紊乱[严重高钾血症(>6.5mmol/L),严重酸中毒(pH<7.1)],急性肺水负荷过重,进行性无尿,又存在大量补液需求时,应紧急开始RRT。
3 目前及未来的RCT研究
2016年,JAMA及NEJM分别发表了2篇高质量的RCT研究,即AKIKI[8]与ELAIN[9]研究。这两项研究的结果大相径庭,掀起了一场关于RRT治疗时机的激烈讨论。
从入选标准角度来看,AKIKI的入选患者全部为KDIGO 3期患者,均接受机械通气和(或)血管活性药物(肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素)治疗,其中内科危重症及合并症也较多,脓毒症患者占67%。而ELAIN研究入选了KDIGO 2/3期且血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)>150ng/ml的18~90岁患者,此外至少符合下列一项:严重脓毒症、大剂量的儿茶酚胺类药物、液体过负荷、非肾脏SOFA评分>2分。两项研究在RRT的干预时机、干预措施上也有很大差异。Canaud等[43]指出,AKIKI研究早期行RRT的时机恰好是ELAIN研究的晚期,而且大约50%的患者采用的是间歇性肾脏替代治疗(intermittent renal replacement therapy,IRRT),使得早期启动RRT的潜在益处可能被其潜在危害所抵消。显然,ELAIN试验也存在一些局限性,其入选病例大多数为心脏术后患者,样本的普遍性受到限制,其次为单中心研究设计。如果进一步对ELAIN的研究数据进行统计分析,可以得出两组只有90d生存率差异有统计学意义,而30d与60d生存率差异无统计学意义。另外,Romagnoli等[44]质疑在临床工作中,患者如果达到KDIGO 2级,临床医师是否具备立即启动RRT的可行性。
目前,我们所能期待的两个较大规模的RCT研究,分别是法国的IDEALICU研究[45]与加拿大的STARRT-AKI研究[46],期望以上两项研究能够进一步确定RRT精准时机的选择。事实上,我们一直探讨的肾脏替代治疗时机应该是以“患者为中心”的。因此,2016年6月第17届ADQI(acute dialysis quality initiative)会议提出精准CRRT的概念,大会提出,当肾脏的需求-能力不平衡时,就可以启动RRT,而当需求与能力之间的差异缩小时,可以考虑“再看看”[47]。
4 结语与展望
由此,我们或许可以考虑,对待不需要RRT的AKI患者,不应该过早干预,而对于需要的患者,也不应该延误。尽管现阶段的临床研究仍然不能给出RRT干预的最佳时机,但随着国际大型RCT研究的兴起,最终将达到RRT时机的精准化与个体化。
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