卵圆孔未闭与隐源性脑梗死的相关性研究进展*
2018-02-13刘永宏冯丹
刘永宏 冯丹
(1.乐山市老年病专科医院,四川 乐山 614000;2.延安大学医学院,陕西 延安 716000)
流行病学研究显示卵圆孔未闭(PFO)在正常成人中的发病率约为20% ~ 30%[1-2],而在隐源性脑梗死(CCI)患者中PFO的检出率却高达50% ~ 60%[3-4]。通常因PFO的分流量太小,认为其不会造成严重的临床后果。近年,由于CCI的患病率逐年上升,PFO的致病作用才越来越受到广大专家和学者的关注。
在胚胎发育6~7周时,心房间隔先后发出2个隔,先发出者称原发隔(第一隔),后发出者称继发隔(第二隔),二者在胚胎发育过程中未能完全融合,中间遗留下一斜形缺损称为卵圆孔。胎儿期,卵圆孔作为一个生理通道使血液从右心房流入左心房,维持胎儿血液循环。出生以后,肺开始有呼吸功能,肺血管阻力降低,从下腔静脉注入右心房的血液减少,右心房压力低于左心房,使卵圆孔闭合。正常情况下,卵圆孔在出生后一年闭合,若>3岁的幼儿卵圆孔仍未关闭,则称为PFO。Timsit和Breuilly[5]认为,经现有检查仍不能解释患者发生脑梗死的原因时,称之为CCI。当脑梗死的病因分型趋向于CCI时,需进行常规以外的深入检查,如经食道超声心动图、动态心电图、甚至进行病理和基因学诊断,以寻找PFO、阵发性心律失常、Fabry病等潜在或明确的病因[6-8]。
1 发病机制
PFO作为CCI的致病因素已被证实[9],2013年几个多中心临床随机对照研究表明[10-12],PFO致CCI的发生机制主要为反常栓塞(paradoxical embolism,PDE)。即静脉系统的栓子经过未闭的卵圆孔进入动脉,从而引起缺血性脑卒中。众多研究[13-15]提示,PFO的右向左分流(right to left shunt,RLS)是引起CCI的危险因素,可能与RLS致脑血流自动调节异常有关[16-18]。
2 PFO的检查方法
2.1 经胸壁超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE) 常规TTE可直接了解心脏的解剖结构和血流动力学状况,但图像质量受多种因素的影响,除与仪器的性能有关外,还受到患者身体状况(如肥胖、肺气肿、胸廓畸形等)的影响,故常规TTE对PFO的检出率较低。TTE结合声学造影(cTTE)可将PFO的检出率提高至88%,特异性为97%[19]。cTTE的造影剂为8ml生理盐水、1ml空气和1ml自体血液混合而成。分别在静息和做Valsalva动作(嘱患者深吸气后紧闭声门再用力呼气)状态下注射造影剂,造影过程中均留存动态图像,造影后逐帧回放并观察,前三个心动周期内左心房内出现微气泡信号(microbubble,MB),可诊断为PFO。TTE属无创性检查,因痛苦小可为大多数人所接受。
2.2 经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE) TEE属半侵入性检查(可出现气管痉挛、心律失常、咽部粘膜损伤等并发症),是将超声探头放入患者的食道内,因避免了患者身体状况(如肥胖、肺气肿、胸廓畸形等)的影响,可以清楚的从心脏的后方观察其解剖结构,准确测量PFO的大小,结合彩色多普勒显像技术可探查异常血流的方向、速度和分布。与cTTE一样,cTEE(TEE声学造影)亦可用于检测心房内右向左分流情况,对PFO诊断的灵敏度和特异性可达100%[20],长期以来,被认为是诊断PFO的“金标准”。但由于操作过程中,患者比较痛苦,不能有效配合行Valsalva动作,可出现假阴性的结果。且有研究认为由cTEE检出的PFO不足以证明其就是CCI的直接病因[21]。
2.3 心腔内超声心动图(intracardiac echocardiography,ICE) ICE是采用导管术将安装有微型超声换能器的心导管经血管插入心腔内进行心脏解剖结构和病理生理功能观察的技术[22]。与TEE相比,应用ICE将探头置于房间隔时可清楚地显示壁薄弱的卵圆孔部位,同时可使患者免于食管插管的痛苦。对诊断结构复杂的PFO,ICE提高了空间定向,并减少了并发症[23],在定位PFO封堵的位置时也发挥了较好的作用[24]。
2.4 经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)发泡实验 TCD是利用多普勒超声效应检测颅内脑底动脉环上各主要动脉的血流动力学的一项技术。结合声学造影即TCD发泡实验(cTCD)可间接用于检测PFO。其原理是有PFO时,心脏存在RLS的通道,微泡可不经过肺循环而直接进人颅内,10 s内在大脑中动脉检测到MB,证明存在PFO[25]。阳性患者应常规检查经胸心脏超声除外合并其他心内(如房缺、室缺)或心外分流(肺动静脉畸形)的情况。TCD发泡实验配合Valsalva动作可以提高阳性率,神经病学专家广泛使用这一方法来诊断PFO。TCD发泡实验诊断PFO的高敏感性与特异性已经得到国内外多项研究的证实[26-28]。对右向左分流的敏感性为68% ~ 100%,特异性为65% ~ 100%[29-31]。
2.4.1 造影剂的种类 目前较多应用于临床的造影剂有激活生理盐水(agitated saline solution,AS),即9ml生理盐水+1ml空气;加血激活生理盐水(agitated saline solution with blood,ASB),即8ml生理盐水+1ml空气+1ml自体血液;碳酸氢钠与维生素B6溶液(Vitamin B6 and sodium bicarbonate solution,VSBS),即6ml碳酸氢钠+4ml维生素B6。众多研究表明应用ASB与AS进行cTCD检查观察PFO患者RLS时,可获得更好的效果[32-34]。国内有研究报道,ASB组静息状态或Valsalva动作后PFO阳性率均显著高于AS组,ASB组静息状态或VM后RLS程度亦显著高于AS组[35]。其机制可能与血液可稳定微泡本身从而延长微泡在血液循环中悬浮的时间,使更多的微泡通过PFO。亦有报道指出,用VSBS行cTCD检查,对PFO患者RLS检测的敏感性及显影效果均优于AS和ASB[36]。
2.4.2 影响右向左分流的因素 许多日常活动,如负重、叹气、大笑、咳嗽、潜水、用力排便,剧烈运动、蹲起动作等均可导致RLS[37-38]。体位对cTCD检测右向左分流亦有影响,有研究表明正常呼吸时仰卧位敏感性最低,右侧卧位较高,以坐位结合Valsalva动作检出率最高[39-40]。而研究结果表明左侧卧位高于右侧卧位及仰卧位[41-42]。但左侧卧位与直立坐位无显著差异。
2.4.3 阳性结果的判断 目前较新的分级方法有6级分级法[43],0级(无心脏RLS,即0个MB)、1级(轻度心脏RLS,行Valsalva动作后采集到1~20个MB),2级(中度心脏RLS,行Valsalva动作后采集到>20个MB,非雨帘状)、3级(中度心脏RLS,行Valsalva动作后采集到雨帘状MB)、4级(持续轻/中度心脏RLS,静息状态下<10个MB,行Valsalva动作后采集到雨帘状MB)、5级(持续重度心脏RLS,静息状态下采集到雨帘状MB);4分法[44](0 MB、1~10个MB、10~30个MB但未形成雨帘、雨帘)及3分法[45](0 MB、1~10个MB、>10个MB)等。
3 PFO的治疗
3.1 药物治疗 PFO的药物治疗包括抗凝和抗血小板治疗,一项临床随机对照试验认为两者治疗PFO患者缺血性卒中复发率无显著差异性[46],任何药物治疗对其防治均无效[47]。2014年美国卒中协会二级预防指南[48]指出:目前尚无足够证据支持PFO患者抗凝治疗等效或优于抗血小板治疗,缺血性卒中伴PFO未进行抗凝治疗的患者,建议进行抗血小板治疗(I类,B级);缺血性卒中伴PFO及深静脉血栓的患者,建议进行抗凝治疗(I类,A级)。近年也有学者提出[49-50],安全、有效的新型口服抗凝剂可能成为PFO患者的更佳治疗方法。
3.2 介入治疗 国内有学者对26例缺血性脑卒中患者进行介入封堵治疗,24例封堵成功,术后随访6个月至1年,复查TTE及cTCD均无右向左分流,所有患者均未发生缺血性脑卒中[51]。陈林坤等[52]对国外3项随机对照试验的2303名CCI患者进行方法学质量评价,结果表明,目前尚无足够证据证明卵圆孔封堵术在预防CCI患者复发方面优于药物治疗,且两种疗法安全性相当。Messe SR[53]基于对3项随机对照试验的分析,不推荐经皮封堵术用于治疗PFO。
4 小结
自CCI概念被提出以来,我们致力于寻找CCI的病因、发病机制、检测手段及治疗方法,在此基础上获得二级预防的有效证据,以提高患者生存质量,减轻家庭和社会负担。PFO可能是中青年缺血性卒中的危险因素之一,PFO致缺血性卒中的发病机制可能与右向左分流的严重程度有关,但其确切机制仍未完全明了,需要进一步临床研究观察,为预防和治疗缺血性卒中提供理论依据。
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