《开天辟地》诞生的台前幕后

徐忠友

追寻“红船起航”光辉历程的历史大片

2017年10月31日，在党的十九大胜利闭幕一周之际，习近平总书记就带领中共中央政治局常委专程赶赴上海兴业路和浙江嘉兴南湖的中共一大会址，沿着早期共产党人的足迹，探寻中国共产党的精神密码。在南湖革命纪念馆参观后，习近平指出，上海党的一大会址、嘉兴南湖红船是我们党梦想起航的地方。我们党从这里诞生，从这里出征，从这里走向全国执政。这里是我们党的根脉。

随后，一批又一批参观者来到嘉兴南湖，聆听红船起航的光辉历程，追寻“红船精神”的时代价值；有很多人在瞻仰红船时，想起了一部展示中国共产党成立光辉历史的电影——《开天辟地》。

这部影片把人们带进刻骨铭心的回忆。1919年5月，苦难深重的中华民族受到苏联十月革命影响和“巴黎和会”的侮辱，在北京爆发了震惊世界的“五·四”运动。中国最早觉悟的知识分子接受了马克思主义，决心创建无产阶级的政党，虽然经历了种种艰难坎坷，终于在1921年7月的上海成立了中国共产党。建党历史大片《开天辟地》通过重大历史事件和恢宏画卷，让观众领略和感悟到可歌可泣、彪炳千秋的“开天辟地”的大事变。

说起著名作家黄亚洲和教授汪天云合作创作的大型史诗影片《开天辟地》的诞生，内中还有一段鲜为人知的内幕。

缘起“红船”

那是1989年的3月，浙江省电影创作年会在嘉兴举行，黄亚洲是这次创作年会的筹办者和东道主。他特意为会议请来了上海某大学的文艺理论教授汪天云授课，并安排了全体代表夜游烟雨楼。

那一天烟雨楼唯一向来自全省的电影编剧们开放。在这之前黄亚洲已不知有多少次来到烟雨楼旁，唯独这一次他没有跟大家一齐围岛散步，而是眼神发呆，目光始终定格在泊于岛岸的那条红船上。

革命声传画舫中，

诞生共党庆工农。

重来正值清明节，

烟雨迷濛访旧踪。

董必武同志当年为南湖题写的这首诗仿佛一直在黄亚洲耳边回响，很快，一项重大的创作选题在他脑海里形成了。“我想以剧本表达中国共产党建党这一重大的历史题材，不知有‘禁区没有？”黄亚洲当即找到了上海电影评论学会副秘书长汪天云询问。汪天云明确表示，从目前看，应无禁区。黄亚洲透露出想写“开天辟地大事变”，尽量公正评价陈独秀，还历史真面目，汪天云一听，表示支持。

会议一结束，黄亚洲就直奔嘉兴图书馆和嘉兴南湖革命纪念馆资料室，借来了当时有的书籍资料，开始了艰苦的阅读和记笔记。

半年后，黄亚洲直接赶到上海，谈了准备创作《开天辟地》上下集影片的方案和故事大纲，巴金先生的女婿、时任“上影”文学部文学编辑的祝鸿生听后顿觉分量很重，立即找来文学部副主任杨时文。杨时文一听就说：“你这两天一定不要离开上海，我马上向厂领导汇报，两天之内必定会有回音。”两天后的回音鼓舞人心，上影厂研究答复：一是决定组稿；二是作者如要去当时的共产主义小组所在城市比如北京、长沙、广州等地作写作采访，差旅费全报；三是作者因创作而购买的全部书籍资料，可全部报销。

带着心中的喜悦，黄亚洲直接赶到比他年轻两岁的汪天云教授家，恳切邀他联袂创作，汪教授欣然答应参与这项重要的创作。从上海回嘉兴后黄亚洲一直伏案耕耘不止：他的思绪从“五四运动”学生焚烧卖国贼曹汝霖住所到痛打章宗祥，到北大校长蔡元培挺身而出救学生；从李大钊、胡适等营救陈独秀，到毛泽东在湖南发动“驱张运动”；从第三国际远东书记处派员来中国考察策动，到中共“一大”代表秘密抵达上海，并随之登上南湖“红船”，一切都历历在目，他的笔端逐渐拉开了一幅中国共产党应运而生的宏伟史卷；李大钊、陈独秀、毛泽东、董必武、何叔衡、李达、张国焘以及孙中山、蒋介石、戴季陶、陈炯明等六七十位历史人物在他的画卷中“复活”了；北京、上海、天津、长沙、广州、武汉、巴黎等地发生的重大事件，在他的画卷中烟雾弥漫……黄亚洲文思如涌，笔走龙蛇，仅两个月的业余时间，就写出了长达10万字的上下集电影文学剧本初稿。经与合作者会商修改，送交到了上海电影制片厂文学部。

特殊“考试”

正当黄亚洲稍微松了一口气时，上影厂的组稿方式“风云突变”。为保证这一重大题材创作的作品质量，上影厂成立了由上海市电影局局长吴贻弓挂帅的《开天辟地》创作领导小组，采取同一题材分几路组稿的特殊办法，向上海人民艺术剧院院长沙叶新、北京的电视剧《李大钊》编剧周振天、上海工人作者张来昀同时组稿。

對于黄亚洲和汪天云来说，这无疑是一次极其严格的“考试”。尽管有“不及格”的可能，但黄亚洲、汪天云都完全理解制片方的良苦用心，继续沉下心来磨剧本，力争最早诞生的“黄汪本”最终能脱颖而出。在这当中，除了黄亚洲、汪天云这两位“应考者”全力“应试”外，黄亚洲的妻子蔡继英，一位精明能干的女性，也夜以继日地帮助丈夫到处联系查找资料，并挑起了整个家庭生活的重担，料理刚刚从嘉兴搬回杭州而又分配不到临时住所的种种生活繁杂；而汪天云的岳父、老艺术家徐桑楚在妻子去世这最悲痛的时刻，仍然鼓励女婿说：“你去忙吧，搞好剧本，是对你岳母最好的悼念！”

“交卷”的时间到了！时任上海市委副书记陈至立及市电影局局长吴贻弓等领导，先后组织了近十次论证会、咨询会，听取党史专家、艺术家等各方面的意见，于1990年6月22日正式确定采用“黄汪本”。

同年9月，史诗式的革命历史巨片《开天辟地》，终于投入拍摄，黄亚洲长期心仪的中共创始人陈独秀的客观形象得以生动地展现在银幕上，中共建党的曲折过程得以全面表现，黄亚洲终于长长地舒了一口气，感觉自己完成了一件大事。果然，历史巨片《开天辟地》在建党70周年期间全国上映后，引起了强烈的反响。endprint

拍攝内幕

由于剧中的陈独秀是《开天辟地》的男一号主角，在拍摄前剧组的副导演在选演员时颇费了一番周折：刚开始有5位演员争演陈独秀一角，但导演都不满意，最后只好把老演员邵宏来请出山，邵宏来演陈独秀年纪有点偏大，当时化装师为了去掉他松弛的眼皮，足足把他的眼皮叠进去一厘米，然后用胶水粘住，让他吃了不少苦头。邵宏来也是老当益壮，努力演好每一个情节，特别是模仿陈独秀说话声音洪亮，言语干脆，爱把手插在胸前的背心里，充分展现了陈独秀的独特风采，给观众留下深刻的印象，受到观众的好评。

浙江籍的特型演员王英为了演好青年毛泽东一角，毅然让化装师把半条多眉毛拔去，双眼皮加宽一倍。当年时代景色也是一个让导演头痛的“大事”，演员用的大到一件服装、一只皮箱，小到一副眼镜，有些都要去厂里定做。最有趣的是理发，所有群众演员上镜头前都得理去长发，甚至剃光头，这样就害苦了剧组的理发师，足足理了几千个头，理下的头发可装好几筐，成了当年拍摄影片中的最高理发纪录。

上海电影制片厂当时为拍摄《开天辟地》的投资高达600万元，与现在相比数额并不大，但这在当年绝对算得上大制作。而《开天辟地》的宣传发行都做得很不错，首映是在北京的人民大会堂，当时有不少国家领导人出席首映式，《人民日报》、新华社、中央电视台、《解放日报》、《文汇报》、《新民晚报》、上海电视台等几十家主流媒体都派记者采访，并获得了领导、专家和观众的充分肯定。《开天辟地》在全国各地影院上映后票房也很好，仅拷贝就卖出了600多个，这在主旋律电影中算是一个不俗的成绩了。更重要的是，这部影片向建党70周年献上了一份厚礼。

随后，《开天辟地》电影分别荣获上海市“七一”征文优秀作品奖、上海市第二届影视文学奖、上海影评人奖、1991年度十佳影片奖、文化部全国优秀故事片奖、中宣部“五个一工程”优秀电影奖、第12届全国电影“金鸡奖”最佳编剧奖、特别奖。每年七月一日建党等纪念日和历届党代会开幕前后，有关电视台都会作为向党献礼片给予重播。

几年后，黄亚洲又将这一题材改成电视连续剧《日出东方》，并出版了同名小说，他还担任了中国作家协会副主席、中国电影家协会副主席、浙江省作家协会主席等职。黄亚洲曾经幽默地说：“我在嘉兴喝了5年的南湖水，她对我的艺术创作和人生是最有营养的，所以我现在每年都要去南湖，看看南湖的红船和烟雨楼，喝喝南湖的水，让自己不忘初心，充满活力，继续前进。”

（本文照片由作者提供）

Behind the Scenes：

The Creation of a World

By Xu Zhongyou

On October 31， 2017， a week after the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party came to a successful close， a delegation representing the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau and led by President Xi Jinping was in Shanghai and Jiaxing to retrace the footprints of the CPC founders. “We set sail here on the ‘red boat， and the South Lake is our root，” Xi pointed out.

The CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919， during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals. Both Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking， believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere. The founding National Congress of the CPC was held on 23–31 July 1921. With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921， the CPC organization and authorities grew tremendously. While it was originally planned to be held in the Shanghai French Concession， police officers interrupted the meeting on 30 July and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing， Zhejiang province. Only 12 delegates attended the congress， with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend. The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a communist party and elected Chen as its leader. The founding of CPC was made into the movie in 1991 and the script was written by famous writer Huang Yazhou.endprint

March of 1989 saw the opening of the Zhejiang Movie Annual Meeting in Jiaxing. Acting as the organizer and host of the meeting， Huang Yazhou brought in Professor Wang Tianyun and arranged a night tour of the South Lake for all participants. Huang Yazhou had visited the place numerous times， but that night turned out to be a special one. His eyes fixed on the ‘red boat where a new world was created about 70 years ago， he felt excited about the idea of making a movie. “It is the time to do justice to Chen Duxiu and be faithful to the past by restoring the true colors of history，” he shared with Wang Tianyun， who showed his backing without hesitation.

Preparation work started right after the annual meeting. Huang Yazhou spent months at the Jiaxing Library and South Lake Memorial Hall reading and taking notes. Half a year later， he went to Shanghai to meet Zhu Hongsheng， son-in-law of famous writer Ba Jin and then Literary Editor of Shanghai Film Studio， for his thoughts about the story synopsis. Only two days later， Huang got the feedback from Zhu Hongsheng and Yang Shiwen， then vice director of the Literary Department of the studio.

The rest of the story was not all plain sailing. Although it took him only two months to work out the draft script， the Shanghai Film Studio launched a special committee headed by Wu Yigong to ensure the quality of the film literature. For Huang Yazhou and Wang Tianyun， this new regime was a challenge way bigger than the writing of the script. At a time when the pressure at work reached its peak， Huang Yazhou and his wife Cai Jiying had to cope with all kinds of difficulties in their daily life – the family had just moved back to Hangzhou from Jiaxing and had to manage with a makeshift new home. It was also a difficult time for Wang Tianyun， whose mother-in-law had just passed away.

Everything comes to him who waits. On June 22， 1990， Huang Yazhou and Wang Tianyun handed in the ‘examination paper. The shooting of the epic began in September. The movies debut during the 70th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party was a sensational success.

In the movie， revolutionary socialist and educator Chen Duxiu who served from 1921 to 1927 as its first General Secretary， was played by Shao Hong， who beat five younger candidates and proved his age was not getting in the way of rendering a young， sonorous Chen Duxiu to the life. Wang Ying， who played Mao Zedong in the film， had to shave off half of his eyebrows.

The six million yuan capital investment put into the movie was a record high for the Shanghai studio. For Huang Yazhou， the success of the movie was just the beginning of his ‘red boat journey. Several years later， he wrote a TV series and published a novel also based on the ‘revolutionary water of the South Lake. “I go to see the boat and the lake every year for new inspirations and energy，” says Huang Yazhou.endprint