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住院痴呆患者伴发谵妄的危险因素分析

2018-01-27干雪琴张文武王伊娜潘彬斌冯蕾

中国现代医生 2017年35期
关键词:痴呆住院患者谵妄

干雪琴+张文武+王伊娜+潘彬斌+冯蕾

[摘要] 目的 研究住院痴呆患者伴发谵妄的相关疾病特征,分析痴呆叠加谵妄的危险因素。 方法 研究对象为符合DSM-IV诊断标准的痴呆患者共165例,基线期分别以CDR、MMSE、NPI及ADL评估疾病严重度、认知功能、精神行为症状及功能,按住院8周内是否伴发谵妄,将患者分为无谵妄组和有谵妄组,比较两组疾病特征的差异,进行Logistic回归分析。 结果 老年痴呆患者合并谵妄的比例为29.09%;痴呆患者发生谵妄的危险因素包括高龄、丧偶、血管性痴呆、总体疾病严重度及精神行为症状高评分。 结论 痴呆患者伴发谵妄的发生率较高,可针对相关危险因素进行预防和早期干预。

[关键词] 痴呆;谵妄;住院患者;危险因素

[中图分类号] R749.1+6 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)35-0072-03

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the characteristics of related diseases associated with delirium in hospitalized patients with dementia and to analyze the risk factors of dementia complicated with delirium. Methods A total of 165 patients with dementia who were in compliance with the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were selected as the research subjects. At the baseline stage, the severity of disease, cognitive function, mental behavior symptoms and function were evaluated by CDR, MMSE, NPI and ADL. According to whether the patients were complicated with delirium 8 weeks after hospitalization, the patients were divided into non-delirium group and delirium group. The differences in disease characteristics between the two groups of were compared. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The proportion of patients with senile dementia complicated with delirium was 29.09%; risk factors for delirium in the patients with dementia include advanced age, being widowed, vascular dementia, overall disease severity and high score of mental behavior symptoms. Conclusion The incidence rate of patients with dementia complicated with delirium is high, and prevention and early intervention can be carried out pertaining to related risk factors.

[Key words] Dementia; Delirium; Hospitalized patients; Risk factors

谵妄是一种急性起病,以波动性意识障碍为主要特征,伴随注意、记忆、思维等认知功能障碍的综合征。据报道[1],痴呆患者发生谵妄比例高达22%~89%,远高于其他住院老年患者人群,痴呆叠加谵妄常提示不良功能和转归,包括认知功能进一步减退,住院时间延长,高转院率及高死亡率[2-4]。痴呆是老年患者发生谵妄独立的预测因素[5],但具有哪些特征的痴呆患者容易叠加谵妄仍不明确。本研究分析了痴呆患者在住院期间发生谵妄的危险因素,为谵妄的预防及早期干预提供依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1研究对象

选取2014年1月~2017年2月住我院老年精神科,符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册(第4版)(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition,DSM-IV)痴呆诊断标准[6]的患者165例,排除院前合并谵妄者。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 人口学资料 年龄、性别、婚姻状态及病前文化程度等一般资料。

1.2.2 痴呆临床特征 包括痴呆病程,类型分为阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆或混合性痴呆、帕金森病所致痴呆等,以临床痴呆评定量表(clinical dementia rating,CDR)评定痴呆严重程度,简易精神状态评定量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评定患者认知功能,神经精神问卷(neuropsychiatric inventory,NPI)評定患者精神行为症状,日常生活能力指数量表(activities of daily living,ADL)评定患者的总体功能。

1.2.3谵妄诊断 住院8周内由病区副主任以上医师逐日查房,按DSM-IV诊断标准确诊是否合并谵妄,将痴呆患者分为无谵妄组及有谵妄组。endprint

1.3 统计学方法

数据采用SPSS17.0统计学软件进行统计分析,计数资料比较采用χ2检验或wilcoxon秩和检验,计量资料比较采用t检验,谵妄相关因素分析采用Logistic回归检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 痴呆患者合并谵妄的发生率

8周内住院痴呆患者发生谵妄的比率为29.09%(48/165),按是否合并谵妄,将痴呆患者分为无谵妄组(n=117)和有谵妄组(n=48)。

2.2 两组一般资料及临床特征比较

两组性别组成无明显差异;无谵妄组平均年龄、丧偶独居比例低于有谵妄组,平均文化程度高于有谵妄组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。

两组痴呆病程比较无显著差异,无谵妄组血管性痴呆或混合痴呆比例低于有谵妄组;两组MMSE评分未见明显差异,无谵妄组CDR评分、NPI评分低于有谵妄组,ADL评分高于有谵妄组,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。

2.3 痴呆患者发生谵妄的危险因素分析

以是否伴有谵妄为因变量(无谵妄=0,谵妄=1),上述一般资料及痴呆临床特征为自变量,进行多因素非条件Logistic逐步回归。结果显示痴呆患者发生谵妄的危险因素包括高年龄、丧偶、血管性痴呆、CDR及NPI高评分。见表2。

3讨论

谵妄的确切发病机制不明,目前认为是多种危险因素共同作用的结果。发生谵妄的危险因素在不同的患者人群中有所不同,在急诊及ICU中,败血症、重度酒依赖及呼吸系统疾病等是谵妄的危险因素[7-8],在外科病房中报道[9]低蛋白血症、高皮质激素水平等因素增加谵妄的风险,在脑外伤患者中低Glasgow评分及输血有较高发生谵妄的风险[10],在这些研究中交叉的危险因素有脑卒中病史及痴呆,但目前对痴呆住院患者伴发谵妄的危险因素仍然缺乏较系统的研究。

本研究比较了住院期间伴与不伴谵妄的两组痴呆患者在入院基线期的特征,希望找到能预测住院期间伴发谵妄的相关因素。研究结果发现两组人口学资料比较在年龄、文化程度及婚姻状况等方面有显著差异,高龄、丧偶是住院期间伴发谵妄的危险因素。以往研究[7-8]也较一致认为,高龄是住院老年患者发生谵妄的危险因素之一,原因与伴随老龄化的脑皮层功能削弱,对各种致病因素的保护能力下降有关。以往尚无研究报道婚姻状态与谵妄的关系,本文分析丧偶可能导致患者住院期间缺乏陪护或照看,容易导致定向障碍和病区环境的适应不良,已有针对谵妄干预的研究[11]显示,家人陪护及反复定向训练可以缩短谵妄的病程,改善预后。

本研究发现两组在痴呆类型构成、总体CDR评分有显著差异,血管性因素有关痴呆、CDR高评分是预测住院期间发生谵妄的预测因素。近期长期纵向随访研究[12]中证明脑卒中对老年患者发生痴呆及谵妄均有较强的预测作用,而对以往的研究综述[13]报道,脑血管因素增加痴呆发生谵妄的风险至少在轻到中度之间,本研究发现由血管性因素导致的痴呆比阿尔茨海默病叠加谵妄的风险高5倍以上(OR=6.59)。CDR高评分作为谵妄的危险因素也是以往研究[5]一致的结果,本研究发现CDR程度每增加1分,即痴呆严重度从轻度到中度,或中度到重度,患者发生谵妄的风险增加7倍以上(OR=8.69)。

痴呆的临床症状可分为认知功能下降、精神行为症状和日常生活能力下降,本研究分别以MMSE、NPI及ADL评估上述症状,结果发现两组间NPI及ADL有显著差异,而进入谵妄预测模型的仅为NPI高评分。以往研究发现谵妄可导致认知功能的下降[14],同时较多研究认为认知功能不良可预测老年患者在住院期间发生谵妄,如Zeng L等[15]报告 MMSE在24分以下是谵妄的危险因素,Davis DH等[16]报道MMSE每减1分,谵妄的风险增加5%,尚有研究[17]报道MMSE量表中定时、定向及视觉空间记忆检查有关条目的低评分能预测谵妄发作,但本研究未发现MMSE评分与谵妄的关系,考虑可能与不同样本对象有关,如血管性痴呆的特征为局灶性损害,如果卒中未累及到海马等记忆有关组织,在MMSE评分方面则不会有明显下降。NPI高评分表示患者有较多的精神行为症状,Landreville P等[18]研究报告痴呆患者中精神行为症状与谵妄的相关,与本研究结果一致,而Wharton T等[19]研究发现谵妄可以预测老年痴呆患者在住院期间的攻击行为,反面证明了两者之间有密切的关系,Abenga?觡a J等[20]的研究认为精神行为症状导致睡眠障碍和电解质紊乱等问题,间接地促使痴呆患者發生谵妄的易感性升高。

痴呆患者住院期间叠加谵妄还有很多的因素,尤其是住院期间的躯体感染、骨折、生物学指标改变等因素,并且可能与痴呆症状发生交互作用。因为本研究样本量较小,难以纳入更多的因素进行有效的统计分析,因此建议在将来的研究中继续扩大样本,对不同类型的痴呆进行危险因素的研究。

[参考文献]

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(收稿日期:2017-09-12)endprint

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