高考短文改错错误类型分析
2018-01-25河北
河北
(作者单位:河北省衡水市郑口中学)
高考英语短文改错是命题者把学生平时写作中常犯的各种典型的错误更集中、更系统地整理出来,融入一篇内容较为浅显,题材较轻松的文章中设计而成的。其目的在于考查考生判断、发现、分析、纠正语篇中语言错误的能力以及在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性。
短文改错错误类型有多词、缺词和错词三种,比例一般为错词:多词:缺词=8 : 1 : 1。其中错词主要针对实词,多词和缺词则主要针对虚词。
错误类型之一:错词
(一)名词的误用:包括名词单复数、所有格、名词与形容词的误用等。
例1.( 2017 •全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turning(Turn) left!”
解析:word改为words。考查名词的单复数。句意为:教练一直喊“加速!”“减速!”“左转!”word表示“说的话,话语,言语”时为可数名词。这里指教练说的那些话,应用复数形式,故将word改为words。
例2.(2016 •全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your(our)view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
解析:knowledges改为knowledge。考查名词的单复数。knowledge为不可数名词,没有复数形式。
(二)形容词和副词的误用:包括系动词be和感官动词后的形容词的误用、比较等级及修饰语的误用以及形容词和副词之间的误用。
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on(of)the road.
解析:suddenly改为sudden。考查形容词、副词的用法。句意:……我突然在马路中间来了个紧急刹车。suddenly是副词,表示“意外地,忽然地”。 sudden为形容词,表示“突然的,迅速的”,修饰名词stop用形容词,故将suddenly改为sudden。a sudden stop表示“急刹车”。
例2.(2017 •全国卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for (去掉for) some gardening tools.
解析:earlier改为early。考查形容词、副词的比较等级。 此处叙述他们经常早起这一事实,没有比较的意思,故不用比较级。
(三)谓语动词的误用:考查时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、情态动词、固定搭配等。
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders,so(but/yet)once I started the car,my mind goes blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.
解析:goes改为went。考查时态。根据前文中的started可知时态为一般过去时,故将goes改为went。
例2.(2017 •全国卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically,and(but) also mentally in the past few years.
解析:had改为have。考查动词时态。根据时间状语in the past few years判断用现在完成时。
(四)非谓语动词:包括现在分词与过去分词、不定式之间的用法区别,非谓语动词的时态、语态误用等。
(2017 •全国卷Ⅱ) When summer came(comes),they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
解析:pick改为to pick。考查非谓语动词。本句出现了两个动词,所以要将第二个动词变为非谓语动词,又根据句意:摘新鲜的蔬菜是目的,所以把第二个动词变为不定式的形式表目的,故在pick前加上to。
(五)冠词的误用:包括a与an误用、定冠词与不定冠词误用、固定搭配等。
例1.(2015 •全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on(in)a shop window.He liked it so very(去掉very)much that he quickly walked into the shop...A woman saw him crying and telling(told)him to wait outside a shop.
解析:outside后的a改为the。考查a,the的用法。a是不定冠词,一般用于泛指的,第一个音节不是元音音素的名词前,并且用在文章第一次出现的名词前。the是定冠词,一般用于特指的名词前,并用于上文出现过的名词前。shop在上文中出现过,在下文中复现时应用the。
例2.(2017 •全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析:第一个a改为an或one。考查a,an的用法。因为hour的读音以元音音素开头,所以应用an,故将a改为an或者one。 a用在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前面,例如a man,a university。an用在读音以元音音素开头的单词前面,例如an egg,an hour。
(六)介词的误用:包括对特定介词的用法意义判断错误以及固定搭配中的介词误用等。
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly(sudden)stop just in the middle on the road.
解析:on改为of。考查介词固定搭配。in the middle of意为“在……的中间”,故把on改为of。
例2.(2016 •全国卷Ⅲ) Now I am leaving home to college.
解析:to改为for。考查介词固定搭配。leave sp.for sp.表示“离开某地去往另一地”,college是目的地,故把to改为for。
(七)连词误用:包括连词and,but,or,so,when,therefore,if,固定搭配both ...and,not only ...but also,neither...nor和各种从句的引导词等。
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders,so once I started the car,my mind goes(went)blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.
解析:so改为but/yet。考查连词。根据句意可知作者本以为自己已经掌握了教练的指令,结果一发动车,脑中一片空白,前后文为转折关系,故将so改为but或yet。
例2.(2017 •全国卷Ⅲ)I had(have)grown not only physically,and also mentally in the past few years.
解析:and改为but。考查连词。固定短语not only...but also...意为“不但……而且……”。
(八)代词误用:包括人称代词的主格与宾格、反身代词、物主代词以及不定代词的误用、代词指代错误、连接代词、疑问代词、关系代词的误用等。
例1.(2016 •全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your view and gain knowledges(knowledge)we cannot get from books.
解析:your改为our。考查代词。应该使用our与本句的主语we保持一致。句意:如果我们出国旅游,我们能拓宽视野并学到书本上学不到的知识。
例2.(2017 •全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time,they are interesting(interested)in planting vegetables in their garden,that is on the rooftop of their house.
解析:that改为which。考查定语从句中的关系代词that和which的用法。此处是非限制性定语从句,应用which而不能用that引导。
错误类型之二:多词
(一)多冠词:名词前多了冠词
例1.(2016 •全国卷Ⅲ)At the first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself(myself).
解析:删除first 前的the。考查固定短语。at first意为“最初”,为固定短语。
例2.During your study,you can take the part in more activities after class,where you can make more friends from different country(countries).
解析:删除part前的the。考查固定短语。take part in意为“参加”,为固定短语。
(二)多介词:及物动词后多了介词
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.
解析:将for去掉。考查动词,bought是及物动词,后无需跟介词,故将for去掉。
例2.(2017 •全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself,I realize of how fast time flies.
解析:去掉第二个of。考查动词。realize是及物动词,后面接宾语时不需要介词。
(三)多连词:主从复合句中的because与so连用、although与but连用等。此种考查类型并不常见
(2016 •全国卷Ⅰ)Though not very big,but the restaurant is popular in our area.
解析:去掉but。考查though的用法。英语句子中连词though与but不连用。
(四)不定式符号to多余。此种考查类型并不常见
例1.Well,I had better to stop now.
解析:去掉to。考查非谓语动词。had better 后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth.意为“最好做某事”。
例2.This made me to realize that I was overweight.
解析:去掉to,考查非谓语动词。make sb./sth.do sth.意为“使某人做某事”,make 后要跟不带to的不定式。
错误类型之三:缺词
(一)缺冠词:名词前缺冠词
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was.
解析:在first day前加the或my。考查限定词的用法。由序数词first可知,其前应加定冠词the,也可以用形容词性物主代词my修饰first day。
例2.(2016 •全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case,we will learn little about world.
解析:about后加the。考查定冠词。在英语中定冠词the通常表示特指,本句中the修饰world表示特指“这个世界”。
(二)缺介词:不及物动词缺介词,固定搭配缺介词
例1.(2016 •全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time.
解析:dreams后加of。考查动词的用法。dream of sth./of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”,是固定搭配。
例2.It had never occurred me that studying could be so interested(interesting)until I met Ms.Li.
解析:occurred后面加to。考查动词的用法。occur to sb.意为“某人想到”,是固定搭配。
(三)缺不定式符号to
例1.(2017 •全国卷Ⅱ) When summer came(comes),they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
解析:pick前加to。考查非谓语动词。本句出现了两个动词,所以要将第二个动词变为非谓语动词,又根据句意:摘新鲜的蔬菜是目的,所以把第二个动词变为不定式的形式表目的,故在pick前加上to。
例2.But we should do what we can protect it.
解析:protect前加to。考查非谓语动词。根据句意:但是我们应该做我们能做的来保护它。注意,protect不是紧跟can的,不是宾语从句的动词。在句中有两个动词,一个是do,另外一个是protect,而“来保护它”是目的,故而在protect前应该加上to。