状语从句与分词作状语之间的转换

刘华

时间、原因等状语从句可以转换成分词作状语，但这种转换是有条件的，也可以總结出一些规律。

一、基本规则，也是最重要的规则：从句的主语与主句的主语必须一致，从句变成分词作状语，而主句不变。如：

1. They did not go to the party because they had a lot of work to do.

此句because 引导原因状语从句，由于从句的主语与主句的主语都是they，可以把从句中的because和they去掉，把had变成having，即成现在分词短语作原因状语：

Having a lot of work to do，they did not go to the party.

2. When ice is heated， it will be changed into water.

此句when 引导时间状语从句，由于从句的主语与主句的主语都是ice， 可以把从句中的主语和be 动词去掉，或者连词when 也可以去掉，改成过去分词heated作状语。

When heated， ice will be changed into water.

或者Heated， ice will be changed into water.

二、从句的主语如果与主句的主语之间逻辑上是主谓关系，动作为正在进行或完成，则转换成现在分词;如果是被动关系，则转换成过去分词。

1. When he heard a cry for help，he rushed out.

从句中，he 与hear是主动关系，表示“他听见”，可变成现在分词作时间状语，或者保留连词。

Hearing a cry for help，he rushed out.

When hearing a cry for help， he rushed out.

2. After the girl learned some simple Chinese， she was able to communicate with us.

after引导原因状语从句，从句主语与主句主语一致，learn some simple Chinese 与be able to communicate with us 之间有先后顺序，则句子可以转换为：

After learning some simple Chinese， she was able to communicate with us. （用after 表示动作先后）

或 Having learned some simple Chinese， she was able to communicate with us. （用having done 表示动作先后）

3. Because he hadnt finished his homework， he didnt watch the football match.

because 引导原因状语从句，从句主语与主句主语一致，用现在分词表示主动，但从句的动作在主句动作之前，分词要用完成式，则句子可以转化为：

Not having finished his homework， he didnt watch the football match. （注意：not 放在分词的前面）

4. When he was asked by the teacher， he answered politely.

when 引导的从句中，he和ask是被动关系，则变成过去分词作时间状语，或保留连词。

Asked by the teacher， he answered politely.

或 When asked by the teacher， he answered politely.

5. When the tall building was attacked by terrorists， the tall building collapsed.

when 引导时间状语从句，从句主语与主句主语一致。根据句意;大楼因为受到恐怖分子的袭击而倒塌，从句动作先于主语动作，则句子可转换为：

Having been attacked by terrorists， the tall building collapsed.

三、如果从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，该怎么办？请看下例：

1. As the heroes deeds moved them deeply，they decided to study even harder.

句中，主句的主语是they，而从句主语是the heroes deeds，主语不一致，这时可以把从句变换一下句型，变成被动语态。即： As they were deeply moved by the heroes deeds.从句的主语与主句的主语都是they，就可转换成：

Deeply moved by the heroes deeds， they decided to study even harder.

2. The professor came into the lab; a group of students followed him.

这是两个简单句，如果中间加个and也可看成并列句。因为主语不同，可以先把第二句变成：He was followed by a group of students.全句就可转换成：

Followed by a group of students，the professor came into the lab.

四、獨立主格结构

分词作状语时逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致，但当分词逻辑主语与主语不一致时，分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词，置于动词-ing形式或动词-ed 形式之前。这种“名词/代词+动词-ing/动词-ed”结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与v-ing / v-ed 形式所表示动作的逻辑关系，如果它们之间表示主动或分词动作正在进行，选择现在分词，如果它们之间表示被动或完成，选择过去分词。

1. When spring came， the trees turned green.

可把状语从句转变成名词 + v-ing。

Spring coming， the trees turned green.

2. Because the question was settled， they felt released.

可把原因状语从句转变为名词 + v-ed 的独立主格结构：

The question settled， they felt released.

巩固练习

1. The type and quantity of illegal drugs a person is carrying when     by the police determine the punishment，              from a small fine to life imprisonment.

A. caught; ranging B. caught; ranged

C. catching; ranging D. catching; ranged

2.              a record breaking seven Golden Globes， the musical La La Land surprisingly does not appeal to Chinese viewers.

A. Winning B. Won

C. Having won D. To win

3. —Sharon， why is the man so upset now？

—His wallet， mobile phone and ID card            ， the police are investigating and will send him to a social assistance station.

A. was stolen B. stolen

C. being stolen D. having stolen

4. Newly              chairman of the Chinese Basketball Association， Yao Ming has put reforming the domestic games management at the top of his agenda.

A. appointing B. appointed

C. being appointed D. having appointed

5. To the couples great surprise， the house was in a mess as if             .

A. breaking into B. having broken into

C. broken into D. being broken into

6. Much time              sitting at a desk， office workers are generally troubled by health problems.

A. being spent B. having spent

C. spent D. spending

7. Children， when         by their parents， are allowed to enter the stadium.

A. to be accompanied B. to accompany

C. accompanying D. accompanied

8.          it easier to get in touch with us， youd better keep this card at hand.

A. Made B. Make

C. Making D. To make

9.         many times， but he still couldnt understand it.

A. Having been told

B. Told

C. He was told

D. Though he had been told

10. Dina，          for months to find a job as a waitress， finally took a position at a local advertising agency.

A. struggling B. struggled

C. having struggled D. to struggle

参考答案

1—5 ACBBC 6—10 CDDCC