雷大卫激情写中国
2017-12-09沈娴
沈娴
大卫,新西兰籍教师,来到中国——这个在文化上和他家乡迥异、但在变化历程上却与新西兰相似的古老国度。他体验了十年“一手”的中国文化,生活的灵感催生他创作短篇小说集《回家》,文中的人物都是有血有肉、有感情有欲望有梦想的鲜活个体。
第一次见雷大卫,是去年冬天的一个中午。他穿着一身看不出颜色的冲锋衣,背着双肩包,带着醒人的寒气来到出版社,一顶灰扑扑的鸭舌帽压不住胡乱翘起的灰色卷发。
人们对外籍口语教师的普遍印象是能言善道,但笔头功夫却乏善可陈。大卫显然不是典型——他擅长写作,显得羞赧夹着点深沉,说话时候灰蓝色的眼珠习惯性地斜往上方。而他浓重的新西兰口音对于几年没练英语听力的我来说,也是个不小的挑战。幸而在一阵不尴不尬的比划和打哈哈后,我们进入了有关他的写作历程、他的短篇小说集《回家》的深度交谈。
大卫把自己的故乡叫作“奥特亚罗瓦”,在毛利语中是“绵绵白云之乡”的意思。童年时的大卫无拘无束,喜爱在草原和森林里漫游,他说,这样的经历带来了创造性的写作灵感。多年后,他来到了中国——这个在文化上和他家乡迥异、但在变化历程上却与新西兰相似的古老国度。
“我在中国待了十年,体验了十年‘一手的中国文化,我的脑袋像海绵吸水一样吸收新文化的信息。丰富的生活给我灵感,于是我开始写诗,后来就有了写短篇小说的想法。和我的中国朋友们一样,我真真切切看见了传统文化被都市文明渗入,快节奏代替了慢生活,劳动者不得不从乡下来到大城市,才能养活自己。”说起对中国的感受,他开始滔滔不绝。“中国正在经历巨变,一些人在时代浪潮中站起来了,一些人则依然在挣扎,他们彼此友好,各司其职。我写了四个简单的故事,有关勇气和韧性的简单故事——一些处于劣势的人怎样在心灵实现逆袭和得到救赎的故事。”说完他看着我,仿佛在寻求我的认同。我问他,你觉得在中国之外的外国人,对中国了解吗。他说,他们很好奇,有时他们自以为了解,但其实不然。
等大卫走后,我开始审读《回家》等四个故事——《回家》《空中乐声》《漫长的等待》和《承诺》。和他所言一致,在他朴实到“稚拙”的文字中,站在我面前的是活生生的普通人,有在家带孙子的奶奶、遭遇事故后成了流浪艺人的建筑工人、夸下海口要送女儿一匹马的都市打工者,他们的鲜活特质没有被“刻板身份”所淹没。他们有着让我们身临其境的境遇,让我们有感同身受的情感。写了《寻路中国》的海斯勒曾言:“就我读到的20世纪90年代晚期国外媒体刊载的中国报道和故事而言,我都不大喜欢。我觉得它们对这个国家的理解很肤浅,对中国人的描写也非常干瘪。”海斯勒开启了西方人近景式描写当代中国“微不足道”小地方和普通人的新角度,大卫很高兴继承了他的衣钵——不是模仿,而是精神相似。他们都摒弃了西方人的优越感,那从殖民时代起对东方国家的固有印象——神秘、专制、贫穷,除了上层建筑中的少数人,大多数人都面目模糊,沉默盲从。他们是一团、一片、一群,而不是一个个有独特灵魂的生命。
西方关于东方的刻板印象在大卫的小说中被个体的鲜明轮廓所清除,但还有另一种枷锁需要打破。而这层枷锁所禁锢的不是外来者,正是我们这些局内人。在正式成为《回家》的责任编辑后,我问大卫,为什么要选《回家》中的老奶奶和《漫長的等待》中的儿子这类属于非主流的人物作为主人公。大卫说:“他们都有非常传统的身份。他们的角色在中国被非常清晰地界定了。我想要表明的是,虽然我们热爱和尊重家庭成员,但我们依旧有矛盾。如果总是不解决,那么这些矛盾就会压倒我们,生出内心的魔鬼。”
《回家》中的奶奶是一个典型的中国婆婆,帮工作繁忙的儿子带孩子,看不惯不顾家的媳妇,融不进孙子的世界。而我们普遍认为她这样乏善可陈的生活无可厚非,仿佛她习惯孤独和没有自我,仿佛她生来就是老太太,从未年轻过,仿佛她的付出不需要感激,都是职责所在。
在一段不算长的篇幅中,我们和一位深居简出、一心照顾孙子的老太太一起经历了普通一天中的一段堪称曲折的心路历程:从逗邻居家的猫开始,到对儿子工作的担忧,闪回到对儿子溺爱的后悔,对儿媳妇市侩的厌恶,以及对孙子玩电脑游戏的不理解。故事的最后也是高潮,一向“温顺”的奶奶向玩着带有暴力成分的游戏的孙子大发雷霆。之后,奶奶讲了她在南京大屠杀时的一段令人震撼的经历。这段荡气回肠的往事让孙子明白了奶奶为何愤怒,因为他不懂“生活是多么可贵,多么脆弱”,也让他把奶奶从“中国婆婆”的身份中解脱出来,她“不再是个胆小的老太太了,而是一位坚强的、富有阅历的、令人尊敬的女性”。破冰之后,奶奶和孙子的心门都打开了,故事也到此结束。
第二个故事《空中乐声》塑造了一个“非典型”的二胡艺人。原本是建筑工人的他,不幸在一次事故中失去一条腿,沦落成街头乞讨者。这样一个物质条件极度匮乏的人,却有着十分丰富的精神世界。“每当闭上眼睛,他仿佛进入了另一个比现实世界更美好、更包容的世界。而音乐一停,睁开双眼,他们眼前出现的是一个拖着义肢、拉着二胡残喘于社会边缘的人。”他随身带着一把母亲留给他的二胡。“即使丁平从未用这把二胡演奏过,但二胡总是被擦拭得锃亮。丁平发过誓,除非他练就了一流的演奏水平,否则绝不动用这把二胡。”我们来到了故事开始的地方,在鼓浪屿的小巷子里,获得关注的渴望,以及勾起的痛苦回忆,让他爆发出空前的演绎水准,在顿悟中,他仿佛听到母亲对他说,他是个音乐家。接着他用那把祖传的二胡演奏出动人心魄的旋律——“每一次琴弦的颤动都是他神经的震颤,每一次琴弓的滑动都是他自身痛苦的再现。”不论之后的命运如何,此刻,他在音乐中获得了救赎。幸而作者是仁慈的,在他忘我演奏的时候,一名独立音乐人刚好路过,把他招进了乐团。
这个故事乍一看显得过于天真,在大部分的经验之谈中,靠二胡卖艺的流浪汉是不可能有什么艺术梦想的,他们善于假扮悲惨来博取同情,人们对卖艺者没什么信任。但回过头来想,子非鱼安知鱼之乐,况且大卫给出的心理描写让人信服,这就让本故事显出一种微妙的启示作用。endprint
審读完四个故事,我甚感欣慰。欣慰于他对生活的缜密且深入的观察。大量的心理描写,符合人物本身的阅历与眼界,也十分贴近中国现实,让每个故事在升华前都有深入泥土的根须。就像大卫所说:“我花费了十年时间来观察身边发生的事情,之后才开始动笔。这些角色是真实的,但也有虚构的部分。这些虚构来自于生活的别处,也是真实的,我把它们用在这些角色上,让他们更加活灵活现。”
我也欣慰于他对边缘化人物的同情与理解。这些人物,由于力量薄弱,在社会中是沉默的一群,大卫用代入式的文笔替他们说出心声——他们的挣扎与希冀,每一个都是有血有肉、有感情有欲望有梦想的人。
换句话说,大卫的这种身处其中,却因自己外来者身份而得以旁观的“全景式”文字能够让我们重新审视自己的文化与社会,发现自己的盲点,解构我们自己的“固见”。这就是第二层被打破的枷锁——中国人对自己群体的片面认识。
值得一提的是,本书能出版得益于浙江工商大学杭商院副院长王蕾老师及其学生的精心翻译和她的引荐。提及大卫,她说:“大卫比较内向,喜欢摄影和写作,观察事物比较细腻,话语不多。”对于故事的素材,她指出,老太太就是大卫的邻居,对楼道及外面环境的描写她都很清楚,还有西溪河下等;火车上、鼓浪屿等都和旅行有关。
而对于《回家》英汉双语的最终呈现方式,她有着自己的理解:“我希望更多的外国人通过小说了解中国,译文的作用是辅助的,能帮助中国人了解外国人的视角。”
王蕾老师的翻译非常走心:“我觉得译者要忠实于作者,在准确传达作者意图的基础上,要把目标读者放在心中,所以当学生们把译文初稿交来后,我同意了翻译风格,力争通俗易懂,将许多长句分割,使句式符合中文习惯。”
尽管她谦虚地称其精湛的译文为“辅助”,但我们不妨看看取材于中国的著名作家海斯勒是怎样看待其作品的中文版读者的:“过去几年间,我察觉到中国人对于自己的社会产生了一种新的好奇感。……中国读者对这本书的接受方式,跟美国、英国以及其他欧洲国家的读者没有太大的不同。他们认识到他们文化中所包含的复杂性,也理解为什么一个外国人会聚焦于几个特定具体的地方进行探究。并且他们明白,没有人能够对中国做最后的断言,外国人的视角有用,中国人的视角同样有用……在这样一个复杂的国度,尽可能多地听到不同的声音,总归是有用的。”
It was a winter noon that I first met with David Reinsfield. He came to visit me at the publishing house. He wore an outdoor jacket in a nondescript color and carried a backpack, the disheveled gray hair sticking out from under the hunting cap. David Reinsfield is a lecturer at a local college in Hangzhou. Many people around me are under the impression that foreign teachers in Chinese universities are good speakers but are not particularly good at writing, but Reinsfield is atypical. He looked shy that day. And his New Zealand English accent was a big challenge to me, for I hadnt spoken English for a few years. Fortunately we soon ironed out the communication problems and began to talk seriously about his collection of short stories titled (Going Home).
David Reinsfields childhood was profoundly shaped by the beauty of Aotearoa, the Māori name for New Zealand, meaning “the Land of the Great White Clouds”. He was given the freedom to roam unimpeded while exploring, giving rise to his creative writing.
He said he had spent ten years in China, absorbing Chinese culture continuously. He first wrote poems and then toyed with the idea of writing short stories. “Like my Chinese friends, I also see how the urban civilization invaded traditional culture and how life has turned from a slow pace to a fast pace and how laborers had to move to big cities to make a living,” he explained about his short stories. He became more enthusiastic when talking about his experience in China. “China is seeing huge changes. Some people are thriving and some struggling. They are friendly to each other and holding on to what they have. I wrote four simple stories about courage and tenacity, stories about how some people in adverse circumstances fight back and get redemption. They are heroes in their own stories,” he said, searching my eyes to see if I agreed with him. I didnt respond directly. I asked, “Do you think those foreigners not living in China understand China?” He replied, “They are curious. Sometimes they think they do, but actually they dont.”endprint
After he left, I began reading the four stories. They are indeed simple stories and the characters are indeed ordinary people living in the bottom strata of a society. A grandma staying at home and taking care of her grandson, a construction-worker-turned street artist who lost a leg in a work-related accident, a wage-earner in a big city who promises to buy his daughter a horse. Unlike some Chinese stereotypes in stories told by some foreigners, these characters do stand out. They have faces and they are no longer shadows in a society of myth, despotism, and poverty.
After I became editor for the story collection, I had an opportunity to ask Reinsfield of his choice of the non-mainstream characters to play leading roles in his stories. He said, “They are clearly traditionally identified. The roles they play in their lives are clearly defined in China. What I want to say is, we love and respect our family members, but we still have problems. If these problems remain unsolved, they eventually will get us and there will be devil growing in our hearts.”
Reading the stories made me feel relieved and happy about his meticulous attention to the real life. He dedicates quite a few spaces to the inner life of his characters, making them convincing. They are characters in China and these stories are realistic.
I feel that his stories are important because they provide Chinese readers a new panoramic perspective to examine our culture and society, helping us to break away from stereotypic views of ourselves.
I must say thanks to Wang Lei, vice president of Business School of Hangzhou Gongshang University, and her students. She recommended Reinsfields stories to me. The translations done by her students at her classes were used as a very solid foundation for her final translation. “I think translators must be loyal to the author. They must have target readers in their hearts and accurately convey what the author wants to say. We consulted the author about some difficulties we had in translating, especially those that resulted from cultural differences. We offered some corrections to some details that the author had got wrong.”endprint