一位英国作家笔下的乌镇
2017-12-09君文
君文
英国剑桥大学博士、教授兼作家尼古拉斯·柯瑞思(Nicholas Chrimes)撰写的《乌镇:中国古镇的“世界闻名”之路》一书的中文版,在2017年12月举行的第四届世界互联网大会期间由浙江大学出版社出版。
柯瑞思写了一个怎样的乌镇?
“乌镇是一个只有5万人口的小镇,坐落在中国南方浙江省的一个离海不远的城市。这里风景秀丽,历史久远,也散发着21世纪新时代的气息。这种完美的结合真的很难得。”这位英国绅士在书中这样起笔。
柯瑞思是2017年初来到乌镇的。他走过细碎的雨花石路,凹凸不平,或是青石板路,磨损得发白;他尝了尝乌镇臭豆腐,好吃的虞大啖状元蹄,这江南的美味让他毕生难忘;他还在街头把玩乌镇手工艺纸扇,做得不错,心想下次可以带几把送给朋友;他还徜徉过乌镇的夜色,星星点点的光,波光潋滟,几条小船穿梭其中,赶紧招手示意船家靠岸,满心欢喜地来到船上,又感喟:天啊,美到极致,没法言表了。
一个西方人,沉醉在古老又充满活力的乌镇,写出了既亲切又深沉、既熟悉又陌生、既轻柔又厚重的乌镇。走进江南之家,掀开历史长河中的乌镇,看乌镇和中国的传统建筑,观赏乌镇园林、人间天堂,阅读中国文学史中的乌镇,柯瑞思为外国朋友展现了一个仿佛触手可及的鱼米之乡、茶丝之地。
建筑是可以让人们了解故事的媒介。柯瑞思用详尽的笔墨描述了他所看到的乌镇建筑,以及与西方建筑在很多方面的异同,更多的则是建筑与人文历史的紧密关联。他不只是所见,更是所思、所想。在他看来,乌镇的成功大部分要归功于重修的建筑。尽可能使用原来的东西来重建,使得国内外的游客都有机会了解历史的一部分。
柯瑞思认为,用于形容文学最好的词语——诗意的、抒情的、美丽的——可以随时拿来形容乌镇。乌镇的水道、小巷、木质建筑、寺庙和花园都一定会让每一个年龄段的游客感到愉悦。对于那些想释放内心缪斯的人来说,乌镇一定鼓舞人心。他像是木心和茅盾一样,那种喜爱,一定是把乌镇当作了自己的“故乡”。“乌镇的梅花在温和的冬日开放,就像西方的博得南特荚蒾那样”。他通过不断的中西比较,寻找着这个古老小镇与其家乡的万里因缘,也看到了时空之差所帶来的迥异风格。
《乌镇:中国古镇的“世界闻名”之路》与其说写的是乌镇,不如说是中国的缩影。柯瑞思在本书的后半部分,通过“宏大工程”之中国:从长城到乌镇之路;中国的饮食:乌镇风味;乌镇的文化教育:缠足与中国女性的地位;婚俗:中国社会的婚姻;多元的古老信仰:中国的宗教;学习之路:中国的教育;乌镇所在之地:过去、现在和未来——展现了以乌镇为触点引发的更多中西文化对比与思考。“本书要说的乌镇故事,也是这个国家历史的见证。”正如作者本人所言。
最后,柯瑞思借18世纪末期英国哲学家和政治家爱德华·伯克(Edward Burke)在其《反思法国大革命》(又译为《法国革命论》)中的一句话:“社会就是过去、现在以及未来之间的一个契约。”——表达了他自己的看法。他认为,只有做到保护过去、容纳现在并且拥抱未来,才能保证一个社会的价值观长久地传承下去。乌镇现在所做的一切,不论看起来多么朴实无华、微不足道,其实都是在为这三个维度作出难能可贵的贡献。
为什么一个外国人要写中国乌镇?
由一个英国人撰写一部书来描述中国南方一个开发改造完好的古老水乡,确实有些不同寻常。在英国的剑桥,“修复”派、“保护”派、“新建”派之间总是争论不休,与之相比,乌镇重新找回历史的方式明显不同。
20年前,这里破败不堪。如今,它容光焕发,前景大好。这样天翻地覆的变化,离不开当地桐乡政府的努力以及出生于乌镇的企业家陈向宏的付出:是他们决心将乌镇修复,以清代的风格呈现给大众。与英国所采用的“碎片式”修复形成的反差是推动柯瑞思撰写本书的第一个动机。
写作的第二个动机来自于柯瑞思2017年元月考察乌镇时,忽然意识到乌镇的历史从很大程度上来说就是中国历史的缩影。这并非是一个历史没有眷顾、地处偏远省份的美丽小镇。
“我的家乡附近有个名叫萨夫伦沃尔登(Saffron Walden)的迷人市镇,就是这样总被历史所遗忘:据说2000多年前,古罗马人都不愿意在那里停留,而是把营地扎在了它两侧的大切斯特福德和剑桥。乌镇显然不是这样。”柯瑞思说,南望南宋古都临安(现在的杭州),东临上海,乌镇一直都与中国各朝各代的纷争、起义、叛乱,与中国的饮食传统、园林、文学以及社会风俗等有直接的联系。读懂了乌镇,也就读懂了中国文化的一大部分。
写作乌镇的第三个动机——对于柯瑞思来说更像是被人从背后猛地一推——来自于力图解决这么一个问题的强烈愿望,那就是如此多受过良好教育、体面得当而总体来说又眼界宽广的英国人对于中国文化几乎一无所知。
一本讲述乌镇故事的书能够让欧洲人更了解中国。本书的其中一个附录就具体谈论了西方与中国之间“知识贸易”的不平衡。同时,书中也有很多中英文化之间的类比。比如在讲到汉语口语中有许多表达都与食物有关,如生米做成熟饭,暗示的是覆水难收,英语中用“木已成舟”表达相似的意思,但并没有提及食物。
相信阅读此书中文版的中国读者也会觉得很有意思。读者会发现中国和英国之间有很多共通之处,它们应该被分享和赞美。
让更多西方人“讲述中国故事”
让柯瑞思对中国产生兴趣的另一个原因是,他所著的《剑桥:大学与小镇800年》由北京三联书店出版,在中国很欢迎。剑桥是作者在英国的家乡,它和乌镇有着许多相似之处——尽管从学术的角度看,乌镇无法与剑桥相比,但离乌镇不远的浙江大学尚可弥补。乌镇和剑桥都是有着古老文化的地方,都致力于对文化历史的保护。这两个地方,一个是通过建成互联网小镇,一个是通过高科技产业的特长,一起面向未来。endprint
最初是因為推广上面提到的有关剑桥的书,柯瑞思在近5年内在中国居住了将近12个月,到各个大学讲授英国文化、教育、艺术史,当然还有剑桥大学。这些经历,再加上和多位中国友人的深厚情谊,让柯瑞思加深了对中国文化的了解和感受。他从这些经历中也总结出一条,那就是当代中国人对西方的了解,远远超过西方人对东方的认识。如果本书除了让读者关注乌镇以外,还能缩减这种差距,让西方人更加了解21世纪中国现代特色与古老文化的完美结合,那是一件很有意义的事情。
“让我一个西方人来写这本关于乌镇的书,本身就是一件很微妙的事。我这个西方人,要写那些让人着迷的事情,也写那些让人不快的东西。更重要的是,让我这个置身其外的作者来评判这座小镇,正好体现了这个国度的古老与创新。我这个外人,可能比中国人更能准确而又冷静地完成这个评判。”柯瑞思如是说。
浙江大学出版社国际合作与联络中心的工作人员祁潇全程陪同柯瑞思在乌镇考察。祁潇说,之前因为在媒体工作,接触过不少外国记者,也因为在外读书,认识了不少外国朋友。因为各种各样的原因,有些外国人看中国都戴着“有色眼镜”:他们对于中国的认知总是带有一些“预设”的想法,任你再怎么解释也很难扭转——即便事实摆在面前,他们也视而不见,抑或选择一些符合他们固有观念的现实。作为一名英国人,柯瑞思先生多多少少也会受到类似的影响,但是与大多数西方人不同,他不仅通过自己实地观察和体验来进一步了解乌镇、了解浙江、了解中国,而且如遇与先前自己认知不同之处,柯瑞思更相信“眼见为实”:他会选择改变和更新自己持有的对中国“陈旧”的看法,而不是固执己见。“随着中国的进一步发展,与西方的交流更加频繁,像柯瑞思这样的西方人越来越多,今后我们也应该更多地尝试邀请他们‘讲好中国故事。”
The Chinese version of , written by Nicholas Chrimes, will be published by Zhejiang University Press during the annual World Internet Conference to be held in December 2017 in Wuzhen, the permanent venue for the international event.
Over the past five years, the scholar and writer from Cambridge, UK, has spent, on and off, 12 months in China, giving lectures on UK culture, education, and art history at universities. He was approached by Zhejiang University Press to write a book about Wuzhen, a town of canals on the Grand Canal of China with a long history of culture, trade and tradition in northern Zhejiang.
In January 2017, Qi Xiao, an employee with the publishers center for international cooperation and liaison, accompanied Chrimes to visit Wuzhen. Qi had studied abroad and worked as a journalist. With his experience at home and abroad, he is aware that many people beyond China look at the country through tinted glasses and that China often looks distorted from afar due to prejudice and ignorance and that incorrect ideas about China would not go away easily. He is aware that some peoples opinions of China are based on selected facts. What makes Nicholas Chrimes stand out is, unlike some outsiders, he would like to take a look at things in China to acquire facts about Wuzhen, Zhejiang and China. The scholar from Cambridge, UK chooses to learn about the facts of China and allow these facts to modify his opinions.
What Chrimes saw and heard in Wuzhen appear in the book. In the book, Chrimes describes his impressions of the ancient water town: streets paved with pebbles and flagstones, stinky tofu and other local delicacies, graceful paper fans, a night boat tour through the labyrinth of rivers across the town, and architecture.endprint
In the opinion of the author, Wuzhen owes its new fame and attractions to the well restored houses in the traditional architectural style. The restoration makes it easier for foreigners to understand the history and culture of Wuzhen. He claims that adjectives such as poetic, lyrical, beautiful describe Wuzhen aptly: the water courses, narrow lanes, houses of wood, temples and gardens appeal to tourists of all ages. For those who embrace Muses, Wuzhen is encouraging. The author compares Wuzhen with counterparts in the west so as to enable understanding.
Chrimes tries to treat Wuzhen as an embodiment of China. In the second part of the book, he examines various aspects of China through the perspective of Wuzhen. In one section, the Great Wall and Wuzhen are discussed together; in another section, he talks about Chinese food in general and delicacies of Wuzhen in particular; he addresses subjects on education, culture, womens social status, marriage customs, diverse ancient faiths, religions in the perspectives of the country and the town. Through comparisons with and contrasts to the things with which he grew up with as a westerner, the author writes about Wuzhen and China.
Nicholas Chrimes had three basic ideas to address in writing about Wuzhen. He knows pretty well how people back home in UK would engage in seemingly endless debates about a restoration project and often make it almost impossible. The way Wuzhen was restored 20 years ago from desolation to a tourist attraction is a very interesting success case worth scrutinizing. The second idea popped up during his January visit to Wuzhen. Looking around in the town of rivers, he became aware that the town embodied fundamental changes China had seen over the last few decades and that Wuzhen was by no means a beautiful town in a remote province overlooked by history. The third idea came from his look into himself: as an Englishman with a good education and a broad mind, he knew little about Chinese culture. In general, he thinks the book may help correct the situation that China knows more about the world than the world knows about China.
“As China develops more and engages in more cultural exchanges with the rest of the world, there will be more westerners like Chrimes. We would like to invite more to help us tell Chinas stories,” suggested Qi Xiao with Zhejiang University Press.endprint