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植物提取物的特性及其在母猪生产中的应用

2017-11-17印遇龙邓百川邓近平谭成全

动物营养学报 2017年11期
关键词:泌乳期泌乳提取物

王 浩 印遇龙 邓百川 邓近平 谭成全

(华南农业大学动物科学学院,广州 510642)

植物提取物的特性及其在母猪生产中的应用

王 浩 印遇龙 邓百川 邓近平*谭成全*

(华南农业大学动物科学学院,广州 510642)

母猪繁殖性能是决定猪场生产水平和经济效益的关键因素,而我国母猪年生产力与欧美发达国家还存在明显差距。尽管抗生素作为饲料添加剂在一定程度上改善了母猪繁殖性能,但抗生素在饲料中的过度使用会导致耐药菌的产生以及肉制品残留等问题,危害人类的身体健康和生态环境。植物提取物是用物理或者化学方法,从植物中提取的含有多种天然生物活性物质的植物源添加剂产品。近年来,植物提取物作为抗生素替代物在母猪生产中的应用得到了广泛关注。本文结合国内外研究进展,对植物提取物的特性及其对母猪生产性能的影响进行综述,旨在为植物提取物在母猪生产中的应用进行更深入的研究提供参考。

植物提取物;特性;母猪;应用

在母猪养殖生产中,进程性氧化应激、肠道健康受损及泌尿繁殖系统疾病等因素,损伤母猪繁殖周期机体健康,导致母猪泌乳期采食量不足[1]、种用年限缩短[2]及繁殖性能降低[3],严重影响养猪企业的经济效益。尽管抗生素作为饲料添加剂后,母猪养殖产业中的这些问题得到有效改善,促进了母猪养殖业的发展[4]。但规模化猪场抗生素滥用情况非常严重,不仅会导致肉制品中抗生素残留,还会导致耐药细菌的产生,严重威胁人类的健康[5]。目前许多国家已禁止在饲料中添加抗生素或限制饲料中抗生素的添加。因此,在后抗生素时代,开发天然、毒副作用小的抗生素替代物作为饲料添加剂已成为研究的热点。植物提取物作为抗菌药物已有悠久的历史[6],因其具有较好的抗菌抗病毒效果、毒副作用较小等特点,近年来在抗生素替代物领域得到了广泛地关注和研究。中国以纯天然植物作为药物使用已有数千年历史,物产资源极其丰富。因此,加深植物提取物在畜牧产业中的应用研究具有广阔的发展前景。

1 植物提取物的特性

植物提取物是指用物理或者化学方法,从植物中提取得到的植物源添加剂产品,主要活性成分有挥发油、生物碱、多糖、黄酮、皂甙和植物单宁等。在畜禽生产中,这些活性成分具有抗氧化、抗菌、改善动物肠道健康及增强免疫力等多种生物特性。

1.1抗氧化

抗氧化活性在各种植物提取物中普遍存在,相对而言,唇形科植物提取物具有更强的抗氧化活性,其活性成分与抑菌成分基本一致,大多为酚醛类物质[7]。在母猪妊娠期饲粮添加15 mg/kg的止痢草油可显著降低分娩当天血清8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)及硫巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量[8]。大量研究表明,植物提取物的总酚含量与其自由基清除能力呈显著正相关,进一步说明植物的抗氧化能力主要与酚类物质有关[9-11]。黄酮、多糖等植物提取物活性成分也具有一定抗氧化作用。从母猪妊娠第95天至泌乳期第18天,在饲粮中持续添加45 mg/kg的黄豆黄素,母猪泌乳期血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著升高,泌乳期第7天及第18天血浆过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及第7天血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著提高,初乳GSH-Px及常乳SOD活性均显著升高,常乳MDA含量显著降低[12]。从妊娠第90天至泌乳期第18天,在母猪饲粮中添加200 mg/kg的人参多糖,母猪常乳及分娩当天血清MDA含量显著下降,GSH-Px活性显著升高[13]。

1.2抗菌

植物提取物具有较好的抗菌效果,唇形科植物,因较强的抗菌效果得到了更广泛地关注,如迷迭香、止痢草和鼠尾草等,其主要抗菌活性成分为酚类物质,对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均有较强的抑菌效果[14-15]。植物提取物也可显著抑制泌尿生殖系统相关病原微生物。体外研究发现芫荽精油、百里香精油、小茴香精油可通过对大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌、变形杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及肠球菌等细菌的抑制治疗阴道炎[16-17]。Fratini等[18]研究了10种植物精油对诱发奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的抑菌活性,结果表明香薄荷、百里香、牛至精油的抑菌效果最强。研究表明大蒜提取物也可通过抑制子宫病原菌生长,促进奶牛子宫内膜炎的恢复[19]。研究表明,在母猪饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg止痢草油可显著降低母猪泌尿生殖系统疾病(SUGD),及乳腺炎-子宫炎-无乳症(MMA)患病率,这可能与其对大肠杆菌等病原菌的抑制有关[8,20-22]。

1.3改善机体肠道健康

植物提取物不仅可抑制机体泌尿生殖系统病原菌的生长,在遏制肠道有害菌繁殖、促进益生菌生长、维持动物肠道菌群稳态方面也有显著的效果。在母猪整个妊娠周期添加止痢草油可显著抑制肠道大肠杆菌及肠球菌生长,促进乳酸杆菌繁殖[8]。葫芦巴籽提取物的主要成分为皂苷,在泌乳期添加2 000 mg/kg的葫芦巴籽提取物,也可显著降低母猪肠道大肠杆菌丰度[23]。海藻提取物的主要成分为海带多糖和岩藻糖,研究表明,在母猪妊娠第107天至泌乳第26天饲粮中添加10 g/d的海藻提取物后,母猪盲肠大肠杆菌丰度显著降低,乳酸杆菌与大肠杆菌比值显著增高[24]。有研究表明,在母猪泌乳期饲粮中添加海藻提取物还可显著降低哺乳仔猪[25]及仔猪断奶[26]的结肠大肠杆菌丰度,提高仔猪结肠乳酸杆菌与大肠杆菌比值。

1.4增强免疫力

植物提取物中的挥发油、生物碱、多糖、黄酮和皂甙等成分在机体免疫调节中都表现出一定的效果。葫芦巴籽提取物的主要成分为皂苷,从母猪妊娠期第108天至泌乳期第21天,在母猪饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg的葫芦巴籽提取物,可显著提高母猪分娩当天及泌乳第21天血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量[23]。大豆异黄酮和黄芪多糖混合物也可通过提高母猪血清IgG、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量,增强机体非特异性免疫及体液免疫功能[27]。植物提取物还可增强机体特异性免疫能力,在母猪妊娠第90天至泌乳第28天饲粮中添加200 mg/kg的人参多糖不仅可显著提高母猪初乳、常乳、分娩当天和分娩第15天血清IL-2、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及IgG含量,还可提高母猪猪瘟病毒特异性抗体含量,且乳液及血清中IL-6和猪瘟特异性抗体含量的提高与人参多糖的添加量存在剂量依赖关系[13]。

2 植物提取物在母猪生产中的应用

母猪泌乳期体重损失过多,将会对母猪的繁殖性能造成不利的影响,如断奶至发情间隔(weaning-to-estrus interval,WEI)延长,排卵率、受精率、胚胎存活率降低等[28]。母猪的泌乳期采食量,也是影响其体况及泌乳性能的主要因素[29]。本文总结了近年来植物提取物对母猪性能的影响(表1)。由表1所见,大多数植物提取物都有提高母猪泌乳期采食量、改善母猪泌乳期体况及泌乳性能的作用。此外,植物提取物还具有提高母猪活产仔数[20-22]、缩短WEI[30]的效果。

由表1可知,植物提取物的添加时间是影响其作用效果的重要因素。Ariza-Nieto等[35]研究结果表明,在母猪整个繁殖周期均添加止痢草油,可显著增加仔猪9~12日龄的平均日增重(ADG)、摄乳量及能量摄入量,但仅在妊娠期或泌乳期添加止痢草油都没有显著作用效果。Wang等[31]研究发现,在母猪整个繁殖周期均添加5 000 mg/kg的大茴香粉可显著提高母猪泌乳期的泌乳量及仔猪ADG和断奶均重,仅在其泌乳期添加也可显著提高其泌乳性能,但仅在妊娠期添加时,母猪性能没有显著变化。

表1 植物提取物对母猪生产性能的影响

续表1植物名称Nameofplant主要有效成分Mainlyactivecomponents添加时间Supplementalduration/d添加量Supplementaldose/(mg/kg)作用效果(与对照组相比)Treatmenteffects(comparedwiththecontrolgroup)/%平均日采食量ADFI平均日增重ADG断奶均重Averageweightatweaning参考文献References植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound植物精油、黄酮G107—L2240+1.0—+7.0Wang等[37]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound香芹酚、肉桂醛、辣椒油树脂G90—L28100—+13.4+10.4Matysiak等[38]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound柠檬酸、山梨酸、香芹酚、香草醛G108—L255001000+6.1-3.4-2.6+12.4-1.8+10.5Balasubramanian等[39]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound黄芩、金银花G107—L285g/d10g/d0.0+11.5+8.6+2.0+1.5+9.2Liu等[40]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound穿心莲、余甘子、姜黄、生姜、大蒜L1—L281000+7.0—+7.9Lipiński等[41]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound大豆异黄酮、黄芪多糖L1—L21100200300+7.0+10.3+2.3+14.1+19.4-2.1+11.1+16.0+1.0王志龙等[27]

“G”表示妊娠,“L”表示泌乳,“E”表示发情,如“G85—L21”表示植物提取物添加时间由妊娠第85天到泌乳第21天。

‘G’, ‘L’ and ’E’ stand for gestation, lactation and estrus. For instance, plant extract was added from 85 day of gestation to 21 day of lactation, which is expressed as ‘G85—L21’.

植物提取物添加量不同时,在母猪生产中的应用效果存在差异。Ariza-Nieto等[35]研究表明在母猪整个繁殖周期日粮中添加250 mg/kg的止痢草油,可显著提高仔猪ADG和断奶窝重。Tan等[8]研究发现仅添加15 mg/kg止痢草油时,在提高泌乳仔猪ADG和断奶窝重方面有更显著的效果。Balasubramanian等[39]研究发现,在500 mg/kg的添加量时,有机酸和止痢草油混合物能显著提高母猪泌乳期采食量,在1 000 mg/kg的添加量时,母猪泌乳期采食量没有显著变化,但仔猪ADG和断奶窝重显著提高。Xi等[13]对比了不同添加量人参多糖对母猪性能、机体抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响,结果表明,添加量为200 mg/kg时,人参多糖可显著提高仔猪的断奶窝重,添加量为400 mg/kg时,其对仔猪断奶窝重没有显著影响,但能够显著降低母猪血清MDA含量,提高血清IL-6含量。王志龙等[27]研究发现,在母猪饲粮中添加200 mg/kg的黄芪多糖和大豆异黄酮混合物时,母猪泌乳期采食量及仔猪ADG和断奶均重均有显著提升,但添加量为100或300 mg/kg时,对母猪采食量及泌乳性能均没有改善。

植物提取物的添加方式会显著影响其作用效果。如研究较多的止痢草油,早期研究中,大多将止痢草茎、叶中冷压提取的止痢草油直接作为饲料添加剂,在高达1 000 mg/kg添加量时才具有一定的作用效果[21-22,30]。Shoji等[42]研究表明,止痢草油的主要成分香芹酚溶解度较低,在体内易被降解,生物利用度极低。近年来,止痢草油大多采用惰性载体包被的方式使用,以提高其作用效果,如Tan等[8]和Ariza-Nieto等[35]研究表明,使用惰性载体包被止痢草油,在15 mg/kg的添加量时已可显著提高母猪泌乳期采食量及泌乳性能。最近的研究发现,采用脂质体或胶束的包被方式,可更显著地提高香芹酚的生物利用度[43]。大茴香、生姜等植物提取物的作用机理研究较为浅显,目前在畜牧生产中,仍采用粉碎后直接添加等较为简易的添加方式,作用效果极不稳定,使用技术亟需革新[31-33]。

繁殖周期的各个阶段,母猪机体的代谢水平及生理状态都存在差异。大量的研究结果表明,植物提取物不同的添加量和添加方式往往表现出不同的作用效果。因此,在母猪生产中,只有加深对植物提取物作用机理的研究,选择适宜的植物提取物添加阶段和添加量,革新使用技术,才能进一步推动植物提取物在母猪生产中的应用。

3 植物提取物影响母猪生产性能的机理

植物提取物成分复杂,具有抗氧化、抗菌、改善动物肠道健康及增强免疫力等多种生物学特性,多种生物学功能通过不同的作用途径影响母猪性能,其主要可能作用机理如图1所示。

→:促进 promote;┤:抑制 inhibit;SUGD:泌尿生殖系统疾病 swine urogenital disease;MMA:乳腺炎-子宫炎-无乳症 mastitis-metritis-agalactia。

图1植物提取物影响母猪生产性能的可能机理

Fig.1 Potential mechanism of plant extracts for affecting performance of sows

妊娠母体肠道菌群重塑是诱导妊娠代谢紊乱综合征的重要角色[50],且妊娠过程中发生的氧化应激会进一步导致母体肠道菌群紊乱[51]。肠道菌群不仅可通过其代谢产物短链脂肪酸(SCFA)调控机体代谢与免疫[52],还会影响机体的抗氧化系统,如大肠杆菌等有害菌及其产物会作用于机体肠道上皮细胞膜表面的模式识别受体(FPR),致使更多的ROS产生,导致机体更易发生氧化应激[53],乳酸杆菌则可通过铁依赖性过氧化物酶抑制体内的过氧化反应,减少过氧化氢(H2O2)等氧自由基的产生[54]。肠道蛋白菌门丰度身高或拟杆菌门丰度降低会刺激胃肠道炎症反应,促进炎症因子的释放,产生的炎症因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)会促进氮氧化酶(NOX1)调节双重氧化酶2(DUOX2)的表达,进而促进上皮细胞ROS的产生,造成机体的氧化损伤[55]。最近的研究发现,肠道菌群还可介导机体氨基酸代谢相关通路,影响动物乳液中乳蛋白的含量[56]。大量研究表明,黄芪多糖、止痢草油和皂苷等植物提取物具有促进乳酸杆菌等有益菌生长,抑制大肠杆菌等有害菌繁殖,维持机体肠道微生物稳态的作用[8,23,28,57]。香芹酚和百草香酚等不仅可调节机体肠道菌群稳态环境,还可加快动物肠绒毛上皮细胞的更新速度,提高母猪泌乳期营养物质吸收率,减少泌乳期体重损失,增强母猪泌乳力[36]。

在分娩期,母猪免疫功能下降,产道易与外界病原微生物接触,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等病原菌易诱发SUGD和MMA,导致母猪健康受损,泌乳力下降[58]。小茴香、香薄荷、止痢草和百里香精油等可显著抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌等病原菌的生长,从而降低母体乳腺炎、子宫炎等疾病的患病率[20-21]。植物提取物成分复杂,其抑菌机制也较为多元。如止痢草油的主要成分香芹酚可干扰金黄色葡萄球菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的细菌胞膜的形成,其疏水特性可作用于细胞的脂质结构,影响细胞膜的通透性,提高病原菌的抗生素敏感性[43]。丝状温度敏感蛋白(filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z,FtsZ)是影响细菌分裂的关键蛋白,FtsZ蛋白在三磷酸鸟苷(GTP)酶的参与下在细胞中形成环状骨架Z环,与其他蛋白结合后引发细菌分裂。血根碱和黄连素可通过与FtsZ聚合,降低GTP酶活及阻碍Z形环的形成,抑制细菌分裂,继而抑制母猪泌尿生殖系统及乳腺的病原微生物繁殖[59]。

植物提取物不仅可抑制母猪泌尿繁殖系统病原微生物生长,还可通过调节机体免疫炎症反应,降低母猪SUGD及MMA患病率,提高母猪生产性能。如止痢草精油的主要成分香芹酚,可通过抑制细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)介导的信号通路,下调IL-6、TNF-α等促炎细胞因子mRNA的表达,减弱机体炎症反应[60]。止痢草油和生物碱还可加快母体分娩后子宫复旧,增强子宫抗感染能力[22,61]。马齿苋属植物中提取出的生物碱,可通过下调巨噬细胞中环氧合酶(COX)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的基因表达,抑制TNF-α、前列腺素E2[(PG)E2]等促炎因子的释放[62]。旱金莲的提取物苄芥子油苷,也可作用于COX信号通路,继而抑制促炎因子的合成[63]。丝兰、皂树、葫芦巴籽等植物提取物主要成分为皂苷,可显著提高机体血清抗体水平,还可通过促进机体T淋巴细胞免疫应答,提高母猪免疫功能[23,36]。人参多糖可提高母猪非特异性免疫[13],多糖类物质还具有减弱分娩后机体免疫应答,增强白细胞活性的功能[43]。人参多糖和黄芪多糖也可通过调控机体炎性因子相关mRNA的表达,进而起到调节机体免疫功能的效果[13,27,64]。人参多糖和止痢草油还可提高母猪乳液中免疫球蛋白含量,继而提高仔猪免疫功能[13,35]。此外,有研究提示,植物提取物还可通过增加机体免疫器官的重量增强机体免疫功能[65-66]。

综上所述,植物提取物影响母猪繁殖性能的可能机理主要有以下几点:1)降低母猪氧化损伤,提高母猪胰岛素敏感性,提高母猪食欲和泌乳力;2)维持肠道微生物稳态,调节机体代谢,抗氧化能力及免疫功能;3)增强母猪抗菌抗炎能力,降低泌尿繁殖系统疾病患病率。植物提取物含有多种生物活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗菌,改善动物肠道健康及增强免疫力等多种功能,其多种功能对母猪性能有不同的影响机制,这些机制相互联系,相互作用,共同起到维持母猪机体生理功能稳定,提高母猪繁殖性能的效果。

4 小 结

目前,国内虽有学者陆续开展植物提取物在母猪生产应用中的相关研究,但大多停留于初级阶段。目前还存在众多亟需解决的问题,第一,添加时间及添加量的选择。母猪繁殖周期各个阶段代谢水平和生理状态不断变化,各种植物提取物的作用机制也不尽相同,需对其添加量和添加时间进行更深入的研究,制定适宜添加标准。第二,协同增效使用的相关研究。植物提取物的配伍使用时的协同增效作用不容置疑,但目前关于植物提取物协同使用所选植物种类,添加比例等研究十分匮乏,应广泛开展更多相关基础研究,为其在养殖生产中的应用提供参考。第三,作用机制需要进一步明确。植物提取物成分复杂,活性物质纯化困难等因素,限制了对其作用机制的深入研究,要继续使用分子营养的先进技术,对植物提取物影响母猪繁殖性能的作用机制进行更深入地探讨,为植物提取物在母猪生产中的应用提供理论基础。总之,只有结合现代营养学的研究方法和先进的现代生物学技术,对植物提取物的应用方法和作用机制开展更广泛、更深入的研究,才能推动植物提取物在畜牧生产中的应用和发展。

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*Corresponding authors: TAN Chengquan, lecturer, E-mail: tanchengquan@scau.edu.cn; DENG Jinping, professor, E-mail: 360437040@qq.com

PlantExtracts:CharacteristicsandApplicationinSowProduction

WANG Hao YIN Yulong DENG Baichuan DENG Jinping*TAN Chengquan*

(CollegeofAnimalScience,SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Guangzhou510642,China)

The reproductive performance of sows is a primary factor that determines production level and profitability in swine enterprise, while the piglets number per sow per year in China still was lower than in USA and EU. Although the use of antibiotics improving the performance of sows, but the over-use of antibiotics in the diets has caused problems such as bacterial resistance and drug residue in pork product, which is harmful for health of human and the ecological environment. Plant extracts are phytogenic products consisting a variety of natural active components, which are produced by physical or chemical extraction of natural plants. In recent years, plant extracts, as the alternatives to antibiotics, have attracted increased attention from the sows industries. Referring to domestic and oversea research, this paper reviewed the characteristic of plant extracts and effects on performance of sows, as well as the actual application effects in practice so as to provide a reference for further study in the application of plant extracts in sows feeding.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition,2017,29(11):3852-3862]

plant extracts; characteristics; sows; application

10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.11.003

S816.7;S828

A

1006-267X(2017)11-3852-11

2017-04-14

王 浩(1994—),男,河南漯河人,硕士研究生,从事猪营养与饲料的研究。E-mail: haow94@163.com

*通信作者:谭成全,讲师,E-mail: tanchengquan@scau.edu.cn;邓近平,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail: 360437040@qq.com

(责任编辑 田艳明)

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