地塞米松对骨关节置换术老年患者术后谵妄及认知功能障碍的影响
2017-10-23吕学文黄文董蜀华
吕学文 黄文 董蜀华
[摘要] 目的 研究地塞米松對骨关节置换术老年患者术后谵妄及认知功能障碍的影响。 方法 选择2015年9月~2016年12月在成都医学院第一附属医院择期行骨关节置换手术的老年患者225例[年龄≥65岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅱ~Ⅲ级],采用随机数字表法将其分为低剂量地塞米松组(D1组)、高剂量地塞米松组(D2组)和对照组(C组),每组各75例。术前1 h,D1组静脉注射地塞米松10 mg,D2组静脉注射地塞米松20 mg,C组静脉注射等量生理盐水。分别采用意识错乱评估方法(CAM-CR)、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估患者术后谵妄、术后认知功能障碍及术后疼痛情况。 结果 D1、D2组患者术后1、3、7 d CAM-CR评分低于C组,MMSE评分高于C组,差异均有高度统计学意义(均P < 0.01),VAS评分与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。D1、D2组患者术后1、3、7 d CAM-CR、MMSE及VAS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。D1、D2组患者术后1、3、7 d谵妄及认知功能障碍发生率均低于C组(P < 0.05)。D1、D2组患者术后1、3、7 d谵妄及认知功能障碍发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 术前应用地塞米松可降低骨关节置换术老年患者术后谵妄及术后认知功能障碍的发生率。
[关键词] 地塞米松;骨关节置换术;谵妄;认知功能障碍;老年患者
[中图分类号] R687.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)09(c)-0140-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of Dexamethasone on postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with joint replacement surgery. Methods Two hundred and twenty-five elderly patients with joint replacement surgery [≥65 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Ⅱ-Ⅲ grade] in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from September 2015 to December 2016 were selected. These patients were divided into low dose of Dexamethasone group (group D1), high dose of Dexamethasone group (group D2) and control group (group C) by random number table, with 75 cases in each group. One hour before operation, group D1 was given intravenous injection of Dexamethasone 10 mg, group D2 was given intravenous injection of Dexamethasone 20 mg, group C was given intravenous injection of equal quantity of normal saline. The confusion assessment method-Chinese revision (CAM-CR), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to evaluate postoperative delirium, postoperative cognitive dysfunction and postoperative pain of the patients respectively. Results After operation for 1, 3, 7 days, the scores of CAM-CR in group D1 and D2 were all lower than those of group C, and the scores of MMSE were all higher than those of group C, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.01), while there were no significant differences of VAS scores compared with those of group C (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences of the scores of CAM-CR, MMSE and VAS after operation for 1, 3, 7 days between group D1 and D2 (all P > 0.05). After operation for 1, 3, 7 days, the incidence of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction were all lower than those of group C, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences of the incidence of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction after operation for 1, 3, 7 days between group D1 and D2 (P > 0.05). Conclusion Application of Dexamethasone before operation can reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients underwent joint replacement surgery.endprint
[Key words] Dexamethasone; Joint replacement sur?鄄gery; Delirium; Cognitive dysfunction; Elderly patients
老年患者手术在整个外科手术中占很大比例,据相关研究显示,每年老年患者接受手术超过整个外科手术的40%[1]。老年患者在术后将会面临一个非常常见的问题,认知和感觉功能降低。这种认知和感觉功能降低早期称之为术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD),进而发展成为术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD),最终会发展成为永久认知功能障碍,即痴呆[2-3]。相关研究显示,POD发生率为13.2%~41.7%,POCD发生率为8.9%~46.1%[1]。POD和POCD会提高患者术后并发症发生率,延长住院时间以及消费更多医疗资源,最终影响患者生活质量,提高患者病死率[4]。对于患者而言,手术是一种创伤,会导致神经系统炎性反应,直接影响患者预后。地塞米松是一类糖皮质类激素,广泛用于抗炎、抗毒、抗过敏、抗风湿等[5]。目前为止,国内外关于地塞米松对老年患者POD和POCD影响的报道相对较少。本研究探讨了地塞米松对老年患者POD及POCD的影响,现报道如下:
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2015年9月~2016年12月在成都医学院第一附属医院择期行骨关节置换术的老年患者225例,采取随机数字表法将其分为低剂量地塞米松组(D1组)、高剂量地塞米松组(D2组)和对照组(C组),每组各75例。三组患者在年龄、性别、体重、受教育程度、手术时间、麻醉时间、术中失血量、术中阿托品及麻黄碱使用情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。本研究经医院伦理委员会审核通过,所有患者及家属签署知情同意书,并自愿接受随访。纳入标准:①美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;②年龄≥65岁。排除标准:①既往有神经及精神病史者;②目前有服用相关抗神经及抗精神药物史者;③存在严重的心、脑、肝、肾等疾病;④存在严重的听觉、视觉障碍史,文盲以及有沟通障碍者等。
1.2 方法
所有患者入手术室后常规吸氧,监测生命体征(包括心电图、血氧饱和度、心率),桡动脉穿刺测连续动脉压。术前1 h,D1组静脉注射地塞米松(天津金耀药业有限公司生产,批号:H12020515)10 mg,D2组静脉注射地塞米松20 mg,C组静脉注射等量生理盐水。
麻醉诱导:咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼3~4 μg/kg、丙泊酚1.5~2.0 mg/kg、罗库溴铵1.0 mg/kg。气管插管后行机械通气(氧流量1%~2%,潮气量8~10 mL/kg,呼吸频率10~15次/min,吸呼比1∶2)。
麻醉维持:1%~2%七氟烷吸入,静脉持续输注瑞芬太尼0.05~0.01 μg/(kg·min)、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵1.2~2.0 μg/(kg·min),术中维持BIS值在40~60。手术均由同一组手术医生完成,术毕清醒拔管送入麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)监护。根据患者的年龄、体重和ASA分级情况,所有患者在术后72 h均接受术后自控镇痛。
1.3 观察指标
①观察三组患者术中情况,包括手术时间、麻醉时间、术中出血量、阿托品及麻黄碱等使用情况。②术前1 d和术后1、3、7 d采用意识错乱评估方法(confusion assessment method-Chinese revision,CAM-CR)判定患者是否发生POD,依据起病状态、精神状态、注意力、思维以及意识变化程度等评估POD情况,CAM-CR评分≥22分被认为发生POD[6]。③采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)判定患者是否发生POCD,依据定向力、记忆力、注意力、计算力、回忆能力、语言能力等项目评估术后认知功能情况,MMSE评分≤23分被认为发生POCD[7]。④采用视觉模拟评分表(VAS)评估患者术后疼痛情况[8],从不同点判定患者疼痛程度,0代表无痛,10代表最痛。
1.4 统计学方法
采用GraphPad Prism 5.0以及SPSS 20.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组计量资料比较采用单因素方差分析,计数资料采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组患者不同时间段CAM-CR、MMSE及VAS评分比较
术后1、3、7 d,D1、D2组患者CAM-CR评分均低于C组,MMSE评分均高于C组,差异均有高度统计学意义(均P < 0.01),D1、D2组VAS评分与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。术后1、3、7 d,D1、D2组患者CAM-CR、MMSE及VAS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见图1。
2.2 三组患者POD及POCD发生率比较
D1和D2组患者术后1、3、7 d POD及POCD发生率均低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05),D1和D2組患者术后1、3、7 d POD及POCD发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。
3 讨论
对于老年患者而言,术后早期发生认知功能减低是非常严重的,其影响了老年患者术后恢复,甚者发展为永久性认知功能障碍,严重影响老年患者的生活质量[9-10]。根据相关文献报道,术后早期发生认知功能减低包括POD和POCD[11]。因此,对于老年患者而言,减少其POD和POCD的发生具有非常重要的意义。本研究探讨了地塞米松对老年患者POD和POCD的影响,结果发现地塞米松能明显降低老年患者术后1、3、7 d CAM-CR评分,提高其术后MMSE评分,减少POD和POCD的发生。本研究通过CAM-CR及MMSE评分分别评估老年患者POD和POCD的发生情况。CAM-CR及MMSE评分法是目前公认的可适用于老年早期认知功能障碍的筛查工具[6-7,12-13],其能准确反映老年患者POD和POCD的发生情况。本研究中,三组老年患者术前CAM-CR及MMSE评分无统计学差异,然而,相比于术前水平,三组老年患者术后不同时间段CAM-CR评分均增加,MMSE评分均降低。相比于C组,D1及D2组老年患者术后不同时间段CAM-CR评分均降低,MMSE评分均增加。根据CAM-CR及MMSE评分标准,也发现相比于C组,D1及D2组老年患者术后不同时间段POD和POCD发生率降低。然而,在D1及D2组老年患者术后不同时间段CAM-CR、MMSE评分和POD、POCD发生率均无统计学差异,提示地塞米松降低老年患者POD和POCD发生率可能与其剂量无关。endprint
目前為止,POD和POCD的发生机制仍然是不清楚的。相关文献显示,S100β蛋白可作为神经元损伤的标志性蛋白,能用来评价脑损伤的严重程度[14]。相关研究也显示,S100β蛋白也能作为评价认知功能降低的生物学标志物[15-18]。相关研究已显示,地塞米松能减少S100β蛋白表达,起到相应的神经保护作用[19]。除此之外,地塞米松是临床上常用的抗炎症药物,其机制是通过作用于糖皮质激素受体,从而作用于NF-κB信号通路,最终抑制机体的炎性反应,包括中枢神经系统炎性反应[20]。炎性反应参与了术后POD和POCD发生发展,机体的高炎性反应导致术后POD和POCD的发生[21-22]。因此,地塞米松应用于由手术导致的脑损伤能起到相应的保护作用,从而减少术后POD和POCD的发生。
综上所述,术前应用地塞米松能有效减少老年患者术后早期POD和POCD的发生。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-13 本文编辑:张瑜杰)endprint