低剂量低分子肝素对内毒素诱发的急性肺损伤的影响*
2017-10-12刘绍正王先锋王义桥
刘 玉,刘绍正,王先锋,王义桥
(1.皖北煤电集团总医院麻醉科,安徽宿州 234011;2.安徽医科大学第一附属医院麻醉科,合肥 230032)
论著·基础研究
低剂量低分子肝素对内毒素诱发的急性肺损伤的影响*
刘 玉1,刘绍正1,王先锋1,王义桥2
(1.皖北煤电集团总医院麻醉科,安徽宿州 234011;2.安徽医科大学第一附属医院麻醉科,合肥 230032)
目的探讨低剂量低分子肝素(LMWH)对内毒素(LPS)诱发的急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响。方法选取36只雄性SD大鼠分为3组:正常对照组(A组),LPS组(B组)和LPS+LMWH组(C组),每组12只。B、C组腹腔注射6 mg/kg LPS 诱发ALI。C组腹腔注射低分子肝素100 U/kg,B组腹腔注入同等容积的生理盐水。6 h 后处死动物,光镜下观察各组大鼠肺组织病理改变,行动脉血气分析、检测肺湿质量/干质量(W/D)比值和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白浓度;测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平;ELISA法测定血浆中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平。结果B、C组PaO2、pH值低于A组,C组与B组相比明显升高(P<0.05)。 B、C组大鼠肺W/D、BALF总蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平明显高于A组(P<0.01);C组与B组相比,肺W/D、BALF中蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平明显下降(P<0.05)。B、C组大鼠血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平较A组明显升高(P<0.01),而C组较B组明显降低(P<0.01)。结论LMWH处理能够减轻LPS诱发的急性肺损伤。
肝素,低分子量;内毒素;急性肺损伤;肿瘤坏死因子α
脓毒血症导致机体发生系统性炎症反应综合征(SIRS),随之造成低灌注和多器官衰竭,包括急性肺损伤(ALI),因此调节或减轻内毒素(LPS)造成的系统性炎症成为当前众多学科研究的重点。肝素是临床上常用的抗凝剂,几个动物实验和临床研究证实肝素能够减轻脓毒血症导致的肺、肠等损伤[1-3]。离体研究也证实肝素能够直接抑制中性粒细胞激活,减少LPS诱发的白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)生成[4-5]。脓毒血症时机体凝血系统变化快,而普通肝素抗凝活性较强,因此在脓毒血症时使用受到限制[6]。离体研究证实,在不产生抗凝效应情况下的低剂量低分子肝素(LMWH)较大剂量低分子肝素及普通肝素能更有效地抑制中性粒细胞恶化[7]。因此,本实验通过腹腔注射脂多糖制作脓毒血症模型来观察LMWH对LPS诱发的ALI及系统炎症的影响。
1 材料与方法
1.1材料 健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠36只,体质量250~300 g,由徐州医科大学动物实验中心提供。所有大鼠均饲养在温度25 ℃,湿度50%,明暗交替各12 h的环境中,自由进食和饮水,实验前12 h禁食不禁饮。
1.2方法
1.2.1实验方案 36只大鼠分为3组:正常对照组(A组), LPS组(B组)和LPS+LMWH组(C组),每组12只。A组在相同时间段腹腔注射等容积的生理盐水,B组和C组腹腔注射LPS(血清型055:B5,Sigma公司,美国)6 mg/kg诱发ALI,C组腹腔注射低分子肝素(齐鲁制药有限公司,批号6A0042C08)100 U/kg,B组腹腔注射同容积的生理盐水。
1.2.2取材及指标测定 造模后6 h处死所有大鼠。左心室采血3 mL,1 mL用作动脉血气分析,2 mL分离血清用作IL-1β、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)检测。取部分右肺上叶组织制成10%肺组织匀浆,取右肺中叶肺尖组织留作测定肺W/D[肺W/D:取右肺中叶肺尖组织称质量为湿质量(W),置于烤箱中60 ℃烘干至恒质量为干质量(D),W/D=湿质量/干质量]。左肺用4 ℃无菌生理盐水行支气管肺泡灌洗,每次灌洗量为3 mL,灌洗3次,记录回收量。收集的支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织匀浆液分别于3 000 r/min离心15 min后取上清液于-70 ℃冻存。考马斯亮蓝染色法测定BALF中蛋白浓度。分光光度计法测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平,ELISA法检测血浆TNF-α、IL-6和 IL-1β水平,试剂盒由南京建成生物工程研究所提供。取小部分右下肺组织,甲醛固定,石蜡包埋切片,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,光镜下观察肺组织病理学改变。
2 结 果
2.1动脉血气分析 B组和C组氧分压(PaO2)、pH值低于A组,C组与B组相比明显升高(P<0.05);3组间二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
表1 3组大鼠动脉血气结果比较
a:P<0.01,与A组比较;b:P<0.05,与B组比较
2.2肺W/D、BALF总蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平的比较 B和C组大鼠肺W/D、BALF中蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平明显高于A组(P<0.01);C组与B组相比,肺W/D、BALF中蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO水平明显下降(P<0.05),见表2。
表2 3组大鼠肺W/D、BALF总蛋白及肺组织MDA、MPO
a:P<0.01,与A组比较;b:P<0.05,与B组比较
2.33组大鼠血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平 B、C组大鼠血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平较A组明显升高(P<0.01),而C组较B组明显降低(P<0.01),见表3。
表3 3组血浆中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平
a:P<0.01,与A组比较;b:P<0.01,与B组比较
2.4肺组织HE染色结果 光镜下观察各组肺组织切片,A组肺组织正常,未见明显充血和中性粒细胞浸润;B组肺泡壁完整性破坏,肺泡腔内中性粒细胞大量浸润、肺间质弥漫性出血;C组肺泡腔内中性粒细胞较B组明显减少,仍可见肺间质出血,但较B组明显减轻,见图1。
A:A组;B:B组;C:C组
图1光镜下肺组织病理结果(HE,×400)
3 讨 论
革兰阴性菌感染产生大量LPS诱发SIRS从而导致感染性休克甚至死亡。肺脏是LPS入侵形成脓毒症时最先累及的重要器官,一旦肺脏损坏,致死率明显增加[8]。本研究采用腹腔注射LPS诱发ALI,剂量参照文献[9]并略作调整,结果显示在LPS注入6 h后B组与A组相比PaO2平均下降约37 mm Hg,下降幅度大于基础值30%,达到樊毫军等[9]推荐的ALI标准;同时本研究肺组织病理切片也证实LPS组肺脏病理损害达到ALI标准,故认为本研究ALI模型成功。本研究结果显示,LMWH处理的C组PaO2尽管远小于A组,但是与B组相比明显上升(P=0.026),说明低分子肝素处理能够一定程度地改善LPS所致的低氧血症;同时,C组的pH值较B组也有一定升高(P=0.001),可能归因于氧合的改善。尽管B、C组PaCO2略高于A组,但差异无统计学意义,可能是因为CO2弥散速度远大于O2有关。
ALI病理表现为炎性细胞大量渗透、蛋白渗出、肺间质乃至肺泡水肿。本研究病理结果显示B组病理损害严重符合ALI特征,而C组病理改变较B组明显减轻。同时,B组肺W/D和BALF总蛋白较A组明显增加也从侧面印证了LPS注射诱发了ALI的形成;LMWH处理的C组其肺W/D和BALF总蛋白及MPO、MDA水平较B组亦明显降低。这些结果说明LMWH能够削弱LPS导致的肺泡上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞损伤、抑制中性粒细胞聚集、减轻肺水肿的程度。
促炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6受到LPS刺激会迅速产生并且促进脓毒血症发展,从而诱发ALI,因此抑制炎性介质及相关的信号通路成为治疗脓毒血症的一个潜在治疗手段[10]。本研究中在LPS注入6 h后B组和C组血清中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6较A组明显升高,而C组TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6较B组有一定的降低(P<0.01),说明低分子肝素处理能够通过减少这些促炎细胞因子的产生,这与Ning等[11]的研究结果一致。
总之,在LPS诱发的ALI中早期应用低分子肝素能够抑制促炎细胞因子的释放、抑制中性粒细胞的激活、减轻肺毛细血管的通透从而改善机体的氧合。其具体的抗炎机制及对脓毒症时凝血状态的影响仍然需要进一步探讨。
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Effectsoflow-doselowmolecularweightheparinonlipopolysaccharide-inducedacutelunginjury*
LiuYu1,LiuShaozheng1,WangXianfeng1,WangYiqiao2
(1.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,WanbeiCoalElectricityGroup,Suzhou,Anhui234011,China;2.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofAnhuiMedicalUniversity,Hefei,Anhui230032,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of low-dose low molecular weight heparin(LMWH) on acute lung injury(ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS).MethodsThirty-six male SD rats were divided into 3 groups:normal control group(A),LPS group(B) and LPS plus LMWH group(C),12 cases in each group.ALI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS 6 mg/kg in group B,C.The group C accepted intraperitoneal injection of LMWH 100 U/kg,the groups B accepted intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline.The animals were killed after 6 h,the pathological changes of the lung were observed under light microscope.Arterial blood gases,lung wet to dry ratio (W/D) and protein content in BALF were detected;the levels of MPO and MDA in lung tissue were determined.The levels of serum interleukin1β(IL-1β),IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were determined by ELISA method.ResultsThe PaO2and pH values in the group B and C were significantly lower than those in the group A,and which in the group C were markedly increased compared with those in the group B(P<0.05);the lung W/D ratio,protein content in BALF,MDA and MPO levels in the lung tissue in the group B and C were significantly higher than those in the group A(P<0.01),while the lung W/D ratio,protein content in BALF,MDA and MPO levels in the lung tissue in the group C were significantly decreased compared with the group B (P<0.05).The levels of plasma TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the group B and C were markedly increased compared with the group A,while which in the group C were significantly decreased compared with those in the group B (P<0.01).ConclusionThe LMWH treatment might attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury.
heparin,low-molecular-weight;lipopolysaccharide;acute lung injury;tumor necrosis factor-α
A
1671-8348(2017)26-3608-03
2017-02-18
2017-06-06)
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2017.26.003
安徽省卫生厅青年基金项目(09B125)。
刘玉(1976-),副主任医师,硕士,主要从事危重症急救与脏器保护方面研究。