加词和删词考点归纳
2017-09-23闫跃
闫跃
短文改错的设题类型有三种:加词、删词和改词。在十处错误中,加词与删词一般占据2~3处,尽管比例不高,却是同学们失分的“重灾区”。本文结合近五年的全国卷高考真题,对短文改错中加词与删词的考点作一归纳,希望对同学们平时的备考有所启发。
[加词类]
1. 添加限定词
(1)添加定冠词
例1 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself ... Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析 此句中介词in后面的名詞picture已经在上文出现过,这里是重复出现,属于特指,所以它的前面应加定冠词the。
例2 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.
解析 本句中,名词world表示的是“我们所居住的世界”,属于特指,因此它前面需要加定冠词the。
(2)添加不定冠词
例3 (2014·全国卷Ⅰ) Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
解析 固定词组as a result表示“结果,因此”。很明显,上句中result之前需要加上不定冠词a。
(3)添加形容词性物主代词
例4 (2015·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
解析 名词复数前面如果没有限定词,表示的是泛指,但这里的parents指的是Tony的“父母”,所以它前面应加上指代Tony的形容词性物主代词his。
例5 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.
解析 除在某些固定用法中,用来限定名词的序数词之前通常应该有个物主代词或者定冠词,所以上句first之前需要加上my。(本题中first之前加the也可以。)
2. 添加介词
例6 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steadily.
解析 动词短语“梦想做某事”的正确翻译应是dream of/about doing sth.,故本句中dreams之后需加上介词of/about。
例7 (2014·全国卷Ⅱ) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
解析 本句中的listening是现在分词,用作动词sit的伴随状语,但listening是不及物动词,不可以直接用music作宾语,所以本句listening之后应加上介词to。
3. 添加人称代词
例8 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
解析 本句中的时间状语从句缺少主语,根据句意,是“我”在需要帮助时向父母求助,所以need之前应加上人称代词I。
4. 添加连词
例9 (2013·全国卷Ⅰ) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
解析 上面是一个包含定语从句的复合句以及一个简单句,二者均是独立分句,但独立分句是不能直接用逗号连接的,需要根据逻辑关系加上连词。鉴于上面两个独立句之间是顺承关系,所以he之前需添加并列连词and。
5. 添加不定式的标记词
例10 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables.
解析 动词词组“邀请某人做某事”的正确翻译为invite sb. to do sth.,不定式作宾语补足语。所以,上句的pick之前应该加上不定式的标记词to。
[加词类]
1. 添加限定词
(1)添加定冠词
例1 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself ... Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.endprint
解析 此句中介词in后面的名词picture已经在上文出现过,这里是重复出现,属于特指,所以它的前面应加定冠词the。
例2 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.
解析 本句中,名词world表示的是“我们所居住的世界”,属于特指,因此它前面需要加定冠词the。
(2)添加不定冠词
例3 (2014·全国卷Ⅰ) Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
解析 固定词组as a result表示“结果,因此”。很明显,上句中result之前需要加上不定冠词a。
(3)添加形容词性物主代词
例4 (2015·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
解析 名词复数前面如果没有限定词,表示的是泛指,但这里的parents指的是Tony的“父母”,所以它前面应加上指代Tony的形容词性物主代词his。
例5 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.
解析 除在某些固定用法中,用来限定名词的序数词之前通常应该有个物主代词或者定冠词,所以上句first之前需要加上my。(本题中first之前加the也可以。)
2. 添加介词
例6 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steadily.
解析 动词短语“梦想做某事”的正确翻译应是dream of/about doing sth.,故本句中dreams之后需加上介词of/about。
例7 (2014·全国卷Ⅱ) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
解析 本句中的listening是现在分词,用作动词sit的伴随状语,但listening是不及物动词,不可以直接用music作宾语,所以本句listening之后应加上介词to。
3. 添加人称代词
例8 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
解析 本句中的时间状语从句缺少主语,根据句意,是“我”在需要帮助时向父母求助,所以need之前应加上人称代词I。
4. 添加连词
例9 (2013·全国卷Ⅰ) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
解析 上面是一个包含定语从句的复合句以及一个简单句,二者均是独立分句,但独立分句是不能直接用逗号连接的,需要根据逻辑关系加上连词。鉴于上面两个独立句之间是顺承关系,所以he之前需添加并列连词and。
5. 添加不定式的标记词
例10 (2017·全国卷Ⅱ) When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables.
解析 动词词组“邀请某人做某事”的正确翻译为invite sb. to do sth.,不定式作宾语补足语。所以,上句的pick之前应该加上不定式的标记词to。
不难看出,近五年全国卷的短文改错中,被添加的词语一般都是虚词,而被删除的词语除了虚词之外,还有可能是实词,但仅限于副词、情态动詞和助动词。建议同学们在解答短文改错时,应先从添加和删除的词类入手,从而提高答题的正确率。endprint