两种表现近似但预后迥异的儿童囊样肝脏肿瘤临床分析
2017-09-20于皎乐陈志峰
于皎乐+陈志峰
[摘要] 目的 分析肝臟未分化胚胎肉瘤(UES)及间叶性错构瘤(MH)两种罕见疾病的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后情况。 方法 对1990年1月~2015年12月在香港大学玛丽医院儿童及青少年科学系治疗的4例UES和MH病例的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后进行分析。 结果 诊断为UES及MH的病例各2例,均经病理检查确诊,发病年龄11个月~15岁,其中3例为女性。2例MH患儿仅表现为腹部膨隆,不伴全身症状,1例UES患儿表现为腹部膨隆,同时伴腹部疼痛、发热、厌食及体重减轻。4例患儿实验室检查均无显著异常,仅有1例患儿出现肝酶及甲胎蛋白轻度升高。超声及CT检查均提示存在囊性和/或实性病灶。2例MH患儿接受肿瘤切除手术,1例UES患儿行三段肝脏切除术,另1例接受半肝切除术。2例UES患儿均于术后接受化疗治疗(IRS-Ⅳ方案)。1例患儿在治疗9年后复发死亡,其余3例患儿均存活至今。 结论 UES与MH在临床症状、影像学检查上存在相似之处,但预后迥异,极易引起误诊。尽早进行病理活检及外科手术对于诊断及后续治疗的制订至关重要。早期诊断并采用手术联合化疗的治疗策略可显著改善UES预后。
[关键词] 未分化胚胎肉瘤;间叶性错构瘤;儿童;临床特征;预后
[中图分类号] R735.7 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)08(c)-0114-05
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment and prognosis of two rare cystic-like hepatic tumors: undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma (UES) and mesenchymal hamartoma (MH). Methods The clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment and prognosis of four patients diagnosed as UES and MH in Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong from January 1990 to December 2015 were analyzed. Results The patients diagnosed as UES and MH had 2 cases respectively and all were confirmed by pathological examination, the onset of age were from 11 months to 15 years old, and 3 of them were female. Two cases of patients with MH were only presented with abdominal distension without constitutional symptoms. One patient with UES had abdominal distension accompanied by abdominal pain, fever, anorexia and weight loss. There were no significant laboratory abnormal results in the four patients except one MH patient, who had mild elevated liver parenchymal enzymes and alpha-fetoprotein. Both ultrasonography and CT-scan showed cystic and/or solid lesions in all patients. Two patients with MH received tumor excision surgery, one patient with UES received hepatic trisegmentectomy and the other one patient underwent hemi-hepatectomy. Two patients with UES received chemotherapy after surgery(IRS-Ⅳ protocol). One patient with UES died of relapse after nine years of treatment and others achieved long-term survival. Conclusion MH and UES has similar clinical manifestations and imaging appearance. Due to the difference in prognosis, it is easy to be misdiagnosed. Surgical biopsy and excision remains mandatory to confirm the diagnosis and guide the subsequent treatment. Early diagnosis plus timely surgery and chemotherapy regime can significantly improve the prognosis of UES.
[Key words] Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma; Mesenchymal hamartoma; Children; Clinical characteristics; Prognosisendprint
肝脏肿瘤仅占儿童肿瘤的2%,肝脏囊样肿瘤,如未分化胚胎肉瘤(undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma,UES)及间叶性错构瘤(mesenchymal hamartoma,MH)则更为罕见,占0.5%~2.0%。尽管UES与MH均为间叶来源,但二者预后迥异。UES为高度恶性肿瘤,预后极差,而MH则预后良好。由于两种疾病预后及治疗策略大相径庭,及时准确诊断尤为关键。但两者临床表现存在相似之处,影像学检查诸如CT、MRI又多呈现近似的囊样表现,且病理表现又存在一定重叠现象,故临床鉴别诊断困难,极易导致误诊。目前尚无针对两种肿瘤临床特征、影像学检查等进行比较分析的病例总结,故本研究就香港大学玛丽医院(以下简称“我院”)儿童及青少年科收治的4例病例进行总结,并重点就临床表现、影像学特征、治疗及预后进行分析。
1 资料与方法
回顾性分析1990年1月~2015年12月我院儿童及青少年科学系收治的所有UES及MH患儿的资料,其中UES 2例,MH 2例。所有病例均具备病理检查诊断,具体临床特征见表1。
2 结果
2.1 临床症状
2例UES病例中1例无症状,为无意间发现腹部包块,1例UES表现为腹痛伴厌食及体重减轻。2例MH均表现为腹部膨隆,不伴发热、厌食等全身症状。见表1。
2.2 实验室检查
仅有1例UES患儿出现肝酶及甲胎蛋白轻度升高,其余3例患儿均未发现异常实验室检查结果。见表1。
2.3 影像学特点
4例患儿均在肝右叶发现巨大肝脏肿物,大小自12.0 cm×9.5 cm×10.5 cm至15.1 cm×11.9 cm×15.9 cm。影像学检查均提示为囊性和/或实性病灶。病例1超声提示囊性改变,CT及MRI均显示为囊实相间肿物,包裹完整,存在实性分隔。病例2则超声、CT及MRI结果高度一致,均提示为囊实混合性。2例MH病例影像学均提示为多发囊性表现。见图1。
2.4 病理检查
所有患儿均经组织活检病理检查明确诊断。病例1病理提示肿瘤细胞有卵圆形核并伴有明显多样性,泡状染色质,偶见到多核的瘤巨细胞。组化染色提示角蛋白、连接蛋白、s-100、肌动蛋白、HMB45及CD31阴性。另1例UES病理提示存在典型高度低分化恶性胚胎肉瘤表现,肿瘤突破包膜,瘤细胞呈梭形或星状排列。瘤巨细胞深染、多核,分裂相多见。组化染色显示连接蛋白阳性,肌动蛋白弱阳性,AE1/3阴性。2例MH患儿则未见到恶性细胞。
2.5 治疗及预后
1例UES患儿(病例1)在3个疗程VAC(长春新碱、放射菌素及环磷酰胺)化疗后接受扩大右半肝切除术,随后继续接受化疗治疗。在化疗后6个月,该患儿在Ⅳb肝叶出现多发对比增强病灶,高度怀疑肿瘤转移。随后穿刺活检显示为灶性结节性增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)。目前患儿状态良好。另1例UES患儿行三段肝切除后接受IRS-Ⅳ方案化疗,但由于出现肝硬化、肝静脉闭塞症而继发严重门脉高压、消化道出血而疗程缩短至24周。化疗后15个月,患儿肝脏出现多发病灶,随后病理检查提示出现FNH。9年后患儿出现复发,拒绝治疗后死亡。其余2例MH患儿均单纯行肿瘤切除术,健康存活。见表1。
3 讨论
肝脏UES与MH均是间叶来源罕见肿瘤。UES在儿童原发肝脏肿瘤中占9%~13%,MH为5%~8%[1]。二者治疗与预后差异显著。MH手术切除即可获得良好预后,而UES预后则较差,需通过手术联合化疗以提高存活率。临床鉴别这两种罕见的囊样表现肿瘤存在较大难度。因两种疾病极为罕见,故我们进一步进行了文献检索,共检索到219例UES、138例MH病例。结合我院病例资料及文献检索总结对两种疾病临床特征、影像特点及预后情况分析如下:
通过对219例UES、138例MH病例进行分析,发现MH见于新生儿至73岁,但多见于儿童,其中65.22%患者小于2岁。UES发病年龄1~83岁,其中39.73%患者年龄分布于6~10岁。可见两种疾病均以儿童发病为主。MH女性发病稍高于男性(女∶男=1∶0.68),而UES则不伴性别倾向(女∶男=1.06∶1)[2]。
我院报道4例患儿临床特点与文献总结结论一致。文献检索发现MH主要以腹部膨隆为主要表现,仅有少部分MH患者存在全身症状,偶然发现腹部肿物,约1/3病例未出现任何症状。但需要注意的是,MH患者在瘤灶巨大的情况下可出现呼吸窘迫或梗阻性黄疸等临床表现[3-4],并且需要提高警惕的是,部分MH患者存在腹部疼痛,其中少部分系由于肿瘤蒂扭转所致[5]。与此相反,多数UES患者出现腹部膨隆同时多伴有疼痛及全身症状包括发热、厌食、恶心等表现。
笔者发现,尽管MH和UES可分布于全肝,但多见于肝脏右叶,此结论与既往文献报道相符[4-6]。实验室检查并无典型特征性表现,肝酶可不存在异常,偶有病例报告存在甲胎蛋白升高,但多数情况下甲胎蛋白处于正常水平[7]。我院病例中,仅有1例MH患儿出现肝酶及甲胎蛋白升高。值得注意的是,两种肝脏肿瘤均多发生于肝右叶。但双侧肝脏均有受累的比例在UES中要明显高于MH。两者瘤体性质比较,大多数UES患者瘤体性质为实性或囊实性,仅有约1/3患者为单纯囊性,与此不同,一半MH患者瘤体为囊性,囊实混合性所占比例明显低于UES。
有关MH与UES影像学特点鉴别的研究极少。笔者发现MH超声检查多表现为液性囊样肿瘤,呈现为无回声区伴分隔,可存在实性成分。实性成分范围各异,但极少含有碎片。若存在薄的活动性分隔和/或圆形高回声腔壁结节则高度提示MH。UES超声则表现多样,可呈现为实性为主的包块或低回声囊性改变伴分隔[8]。有研究显示,超声结果与病理结论存在高度相符性,该研究中发现28例超声表现均以实性为主(83%),高度提示UES,最后均经病理检查明确为UES。与此不同,UES的CT與MRI表现均多呈现为囊性改[9]或囊实性[10]改变。超声与CT或MRI表现上的差异可能与肿瘤黏液性或出血部分通常在超声下呈现为高回声区有关[11]。有学者曾对UES病例影像学检查总结后提出UES多表现为实性包块伴部分多发小的囊性低回声区域或一个伴薄分隔的囊性包块[12]。因此,相比CT或MRI,超声可提供更多信息,为UES与MH早期诊断及筛查提供帮助。值得注意的是,部分患者即使存在典型影像学表现仍可能出现误诊,因此行组织活检病理检查仍是必须[13]。endprint
值得注意的是,我院2例UES患兒均在化疗后6~12个月出现了多发对比增强的肝损区,曾高度怀疑出现转移,但随后通过病理检查均最后确诊为FNH。研究认为,FNH仅可见于0.02%儿童[14],而且在文献检索中并未发现UES继发出现FNH病例。目前,两者之间关系尚不清楚。FNH超声检查下多显示灶性肝损区伴低回声形状瘢痕[15-16],而在CT扫描下则多表现为均一的、与正常肝脏等密度的病灶。在儿童中,FNH是否更易见于UES治疗后仍需要进一步研究。
UES呈高度恶性,预后明显差于MH。笔者统计有39.81%的UES患者死亡,而仅有6.36%的MH患者死亡。1970年,Stocker等[2]报道了31例UES病例,其中80%病例存活时间不超过1年。80年代后期,UES存活率升至37.5%[17]。随后,意大利以及德国研究提示17例UES儿童接受了儿童横纹肌肉瘤化疗方案后,随访2.4~20年时存活率可达79%[18]。在过去的20年间,随着多学科治疗策略诸如外科手术、化疗甚至移植的联合应用,UES预后已得到极大提高[19-20]。部分实行肝脏切除联合化疗治疗,10例儿童UES患儿存活率达到90%[21]。近期病例研究更提示肿瘤完全切除联合化疗治疗方案无事件存活可达100%[22]。UES与MH治疗策略不同,仅凭单纯肿瘤切除绝大多数MH即可获得长期生存,经统计仅有6.36%的MH患儿死亡。与此不同,UES患儿预后差,约39.81%的患儿死亡。根据统计分析,采用手术联合术前及术后化疗的治疗策略可降低病死率。
文献检索发现,个别UES病例可从MH进展而来,或同时伴有MH[23-24]。两者之间的密切关系可能与MH存在t(11:19)(q13:q13.4),t(15:19)(q15:q13.4)平衡易位[22,24-26],甚至与11、17和19(q13:p11:q13.3)三染色体平衡易位[25]有关。据此,尽管MH为良性病且存在自然消退可能,但考虑到MH仍存在恶变的可能性,大多数研究者仍建议早期完全切除瘤灶。
综上所述,UES与MH是两种表现高度近似、甚至相互之间存在关联但预后却大相径庭的疾病。早期准确诊断对于尽早采取适当治疗策略格外关键。临床特征上MH多见于2岁以下儿童,UES除腹部症状外多伴全身症状,两者均多位于肝右叶,影像学特别是超声检查有助于鉴别两种疾病,UES实性成分比例高于MH。尽管临床表现上存在细微差别,两者仍极易出现误诊,需积极行病理检查。尽管UES预后偏差,但通过外科手术联合化疗仍可极大改善UES预后。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-08 本文編辑:张瑜杰)endprint