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中国农村生活垃圾的产生量与物理特性分析及处理建议

2017-09-15韩智勇费勇强施国中王加雷谢燕华

农业工程学报 2017年15期
关键词:组分垃圾农村

韩智勇,费勇强,刘 丹,旦 增,张 嵛,施国中,王加雷,谢燕华

·综合研究·关键技术·

中国农村生活垃圾的产生量与物理特性分析及处理建议

韩智勇1,2,3,费勇强1,2,刘 丹4,旦 增5,张 嵛1,2,施国中3※,王加雷6,谢燕华1,2

(1. 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室(成都理工大学),成都 610059; 2. 国家环境保护水土污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室(成都理工大学),成都 610059; 3. 农业部沼气科学研究所,成都 610041; 4. 西南交通大学地球科学与环境工程学院,成都 610031; 5. 西藏大学理学院,拉萨 850002; 6. 中国城市建设研究院有限公司,北京 100120)

中国农村生活垃圾对生态环境的污染日益严重,为给农村生活垃圾的管理提供相应的理论支撑和技术支持,促进“新农村”的建设,该文基于对西部6省18县59村580户农户的现场调研和全国25个省(市)128篇文献调研的数理统计,对中国农村生活垃圾的来源、产生率、产生量、组分、容重、可压缩性等特征进行了全面、系统的归纳总结与分析。结果表明:中国农村生活垃圾产生率介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之间,中位值为0.521 kg/(人·d),2014年产生量达到1.48亿t,具有来源广泛且分散、产率低、产量高、增长迅速、区域差异显著等特点。生活垃圾主要组分包括厨余类、灰土类、橡塑类和纸类,其湿基质量累计百分比达到了83.61%,区域差异显著;与城市生活垃圾组分相比,具有低厨余和金属、高灰土含量的特点,并逐渐趋于城市化。生活垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m3之间,平均值为263 kg/m3,可压缩性较好。根据生活垃圾特性,在实施“村收集-镇运输-县处理”管理模式的农村,建议采用压缩式中转站和垃圾车进行收运;在有条件的农村地区,可逐步开展垃圾分类收集,将厨余和灰土从生活垃圾中分离后就地消纳。

垃圾;农村;物理特性;产生量;垃圾组分;容重;可压缩性

韩智勇,费勇强,刘 丹,旦 增,张 嵛,施国中,王加雷,谢燕华. 中国农村生活垃圾的产生量与物理特性分析及处理建议[J]. 农业工程学报,2017,33(15):1-14. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.001 http://www.tcsae.org

Han Zhiyong, Fei Yongqiang, Liu Dan, Dan Zeng, Zhang Yu, Shi Guozhong, Wang Jialei, Xie Yanhua. Yield and physical characteristics analysis of domestic waste in rural areas of China and its disposal proposal[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(15): 1-14. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.001 http://www.tcsae.org

0 引 言

截止2014年,中国村镇户籍人口9.52亿人[1],绝大多数自然资源开发利用仍在农村。随着中国农业现代化快速推进、乡镇工业化迅速发展、新型城镇化不断扩展,给农村的发展、农业的生产和农民的生活带来了翻天覆地的变化。尽管中国对农村环境保护的力度正在不断加强,农村环境治理工作也取得了显著进展,但是,农村环境问题仍然突出。据调查,2011年中国农村生活垃圾产生量约2亿t,已超过660个城市生活垃圾处理的总和[2],而且目前全国绝大多数乡镇中没有环保基础设施,绝大部分行政村中的环境污染治理处于空白状态[3],这导致了越来越严重的农村生活面源污染。对全国141个村的调查显示,有75.9%的村落都受到了不同程度的污染,在众多污染源中,生活污染源对农村环境的影响最大[4],为此,农村生活垃圾的污染与治理,正逐渐引起越来越广泛的关注。

当前,大量国内外学者已基于农村生活垃圾特性与处理处置现状,提出了一些切实可行的建议和管理措施[5-11]、处理技术与模式[12-22],对农村生活垃圾产生与特性的研究,已经逐步从针对某个村的点源性调查[23-27],扩展到省、流域、区域的局部性研究中[28-33],还有少量学者已经开始在全国范围,探讨农村生活垃圾的产生与特性。例如姚伟等[34]基于2006-2007年开展的全国农村饮用水与环境卫生调查,得出中国农村生活垃圾产生率为0.86 kg/(人·d),这成为后续估算中国农村生活垃圾产生量的主要依据;此外,何品晶等[21]、李玉敏等[10]、岳波等[35]、Zeng等[36],也分别通过现场与文献调研,对中国农村生活垃圾的产生与特性进行了归纳总结,但是仍然存在如下问题:1)姚伟等[34]的调查数据为10 a前的数据,农村经济发展和人口结构在这10 a中已经发生了巨大的变化,是否还适用于当前的实际情况?2)其他学者调研的样本量不足,大部分文献均基于中国主要区域(华北、华东、华南和华中)的局部地区的调查和文献数据,最大的样本量也只有71个,而且缺乏西部地区的实际调研数据;3)由于中国各地区农村实际情况差异巨大,因此,对中国农村生活垃圾产生与特性的总体和局部分析还不够全面和深入。

因此,本文基于对中国西部6省的现场调研,以及全国25个省的文献统计,对中国以及各地区农村生活垃圾的来源、产生率、产生量、组分、容重等特征进行归纳总结,并分析中国农村生活垃圾的产生与物理特性,以期为中国农村生活垃圾的管理、资源化利用以及处理处置的设计提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 现场调研

于2012年、2015年和2016年,在云南、贵州、四川、西藏、新疆、甘肃随机选择18县59村580户农户,对农村生活垃圾产生、组分和容重开展入户现场调研。

在现场调查中,向每个受访家庭发放垃圾袋收集1~2 d产生的生活垃圾,称量后,用产生量除以调查户的人数和收集时间得到生活垃圾产生率。

生活垃圾容重与组分,以村为单位,按照《生活垃圾采样和分析方法》(CJ/T 313-2009),首先测定收集的生活垃圾的总体积;然后通过人工分拣,将混合垃圾进行分类,称量各组分的质量,从而计算生活垃圾的组分比例和容重。

1.2 文献调研

通过中国知识资源总库和Elsevier Science Direct全文期刊数据库,检索2015年之前关于农村生活垃圾的相关报道,共筛选出128篇文献。

最终,生活垃圾产生量的文献样本量为17 332个,统计样本量为359个。其中文献样本量为文献中阐述的实际调研样本量的总和,且取文献中最低一级样本量(如同时存在镇、村和户样本量时,取最低一级户的样本量),缺省时取1。统计样本量为实际数据处理的样本量。

1.3 数据分析方法

数据分析和统计采用Excel 2016和SPSS 19.0软件。各省(市)和自治区农村生活垃圾产生量以国家统计局公布的2014年各地的乡村人口为基准,分别乘以各省生活垃圾产生率统计值计算,港澳台除外。

2 结果与分析

2.1 垃圾来源

当前,在中国农村地区,生活垃圾的来源主要有以下几个方面:

1)餐饮来源:主要包括日常餐饮产生的过剩食材,包括变质丢弃食材,如剩饭菜等;加工丢弃食材,如菜叶、菜皮、菜梗、鸡蛋壳等;消费副食品产生的残余物,如果皮、果核等。

2)日常用品消费产生的包装和残余物来源:家庭生活所需物品的包装物,包括包装塑料袋、纸盒、玻璃瓶、易拉罐等;日常生活消费中产生的剩余物品,如烟头、过期药品、燃煤(柴)灰渣;日常生活因个人卫生所需,使用后丢弃的物品,包括尿不湿、卫生巾、湿巾、卫生纸等。

3)生活用品淘汰来源:日常生活用品废旧、损坏、更新过程中淘汰下来的物品,包括旧衣物、废电池、废弃的小型电子产品、儿童玩具等,但不包括大型家具、家电以及其他大型电子产品等物品。

4)清扫来源:家庭室内、室外,村镇公共区域清扫产生的垃圾。

5)农业生产来源:农业生产过程中混入的少部分生产资料包装物(农膜、农药包装袋/瓶等)、作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、产业经济附属产品等。

2.2 产生量

2.2.1 产生率与产生量

根据现场和文献调研,中国农村生活垃圾产生率变化幅度很大,介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之间,平均值为0.649 kg/(人·d),中位值为0.521 kg/(人·d),描述性统计分析见表1所示。

由此可见,此次中国农村生活垃圾产生率的统计值与何品晶等[21]统计的全国集镇生活垃圾产生率(0.52 kg/(人·d))相当,但要比姚伟等[34]调研的0.86 kg/(人·d)、李玉敏等[10]调研的1.07 kg/(人·d)、岳波等[35]统计的0.76 kg/(人·d)明显偏低,这主要是由于这些调研和统计缺乏西部地区的统计数据,而这些地区由于经济欠发达,农村生活垃圾产生率相对更低,拉低了全国农村生活垃圾产生率的统计值所致。

采用全国农村生活垃圾产生率中位值计算,2014年中国农村生活垃圾的产生量为1.16亿t,与同年《人民日报》中报道的1.10亿t/a相当[36];采用各省产量加和计算,中国农村生活垃圾的产生量为1.48亿t。虽然采用不同方法计算的全国农村生活垃圾产生量均低于《国家农村环境污染保护规划》(2007-2020)中报道的2.80亿t/a[36],但从样本量及分布的合理性来说,此次统计计算的产生量可信度更高。

根据Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验,除全国、辽宁和浙江的农村生活垃圾产生率不符合正态分布外,其余各省(市)和自治区的农村生活垃圾产生率均符合正态分布,而且地区间存在显著的差异。因此,在地区生活垃圾产生量估算时,建议产生率取所在地区平均值,不符合正态分布的省(市)取中位值。

Huang等预测,在中国,当农民纯收入达到17 446元/a时,会出现生活垃圾产生量的Kuznets曲线拐点[42],因此,当前中国农村生活垃圾产生量还处于上升阶段。以浙江省为例,慈溪市2000年全市农村生活垃圾年产生量约为29万t,2005年底已超过36万t,5 a间递增25%[18];诸暨市草塔镇2005年农村生活垃圾年产量大约为11 909 t,到2011年底产量已达16 329 t,6 a间增长了将近37%[62]。

表1 中国农村生活垃圾产生率描述性统计分析Table 1 Generation rate of domestic waste in rural areas of China

2.2.2 地区差异

由表1可知,高于全国农村生活垃圾产生率75%百分位值(GR>0.820 kg/(人·d))的地区包括上海、天津、吉林、湖南、辽宁、山东、山西、河南、北京、河北、青海等;产生率介于25%~75%百分位值(0.360<GR≤0.820 kg/(人·d))的地区包括福建、湖北、海南、浙江、重庆、广东、安徽、江苏、江西、广西、云南、黑龙江、四川等;产生率低于25%百分位值(GR≤0.360 kg/(人·d))的地区包括陕西、甘肃、新疆、西藏、贵州等。

综上所述,各省(市)和自治区农村生活垃圾产生率总体上呈现北方高于南方,东部高于西部的特点,北方和东部经济较发达地区产生率最高,西南和西北经济欠发达地区产生率最低,这主要是受各地社会经济发展水平、燃料结构、生活习惯等因素的影响。

各省(市)和自治区农村生活垃圾产生量如图1所示,在同时受到人口数量和产生率的影响下,呈现中东部人口大省的产生量最高,西部最低的分布,其中河南、山东、湖南、河北的产生量均超过了1 200万t/a,而西部青海、新疆、贵州、宁夏和西藏的产生量均低于100万t/a。

图1 2014年中国各省(市)和自治区农村生活垃圾产生量Fig.1 Generation of domestic waste in rural areas of each province in China in 2014

2.2.3 城乡差异

根据近年来相同或相似城市的城市生活垃圾和农村生活垃圾产生率的比较可知(图2),农村生活垃圾产生率平均值为0.472 kg/(人·d),只有相应城市生活垃圾(0.817 kg/(人·d))的一半左右,独立样本均值方程的T检验显示(Sig.(双侧)=0.001<0.05),农村和城市生活垃圾的产生率具有显著差异,这主要是由于中国城乡二元经济导致农村的社会经济发展水平普遍低于城市,而且农村居民更崇尚节俭、日常生活中有更多的垃圾利用途经。

图2 中国部分农村与相应城市生活垃圾的产生率Fig.2 Domestic waste generation rate in some rural areas and their corresponding cities in China

综上所述,中国农村生活垃圾产生率虽然明显低于城市,但是产生量巨大,而且处于快速增长阶段,城乡差异显著。考虑到中国大部分农村分布较为分散,生活垃圾不易收集,已造成较为严重的生活垃圾污染,因此,农村生活垃圾的管理应引起足够的重视。

2.3 物理特性

2.3.1 组分特征

1)总体特征

中国当前农村生活垃圾组分特征描述性统计见表2。中国农村生活垃圾主要组分包括厨余类、灰土类、橡塑类和纸类,其湿基质量百分比均值累计比例达到了83.61%;剩余组分比例在0.25%~4.40%之间。在其他类中包含了有毒有害垃圾,主要为废电池、过期药品、农药和杀虫剂包装等,其湿基质量百分比介于0~7%之间,均值为0.96%,中位值为0.5%,所占比例很小。由于垃圾组分受诸多因素影响,全国农村生活垃圾各组分变化很大,根据Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验,均不符合正态分布,因此,建议各地区在设计计算中,选取各地区相应的地区数值,以减少误差。

表2 中国农村生活垃圾组分特征描述性统计量Table 2 Statistic of domestic waste composition in rural areas of China

由上述可见,由于在中国广大农村地区,工业和塑料制成品消费的增加[103],使农村生活垃圾组成复杂,而且组分特征日趋城市化;同时由于农村居民生产与消费模式的变化,使农村生活垃圾传统的循环途径日渐萎缩[103],如农户传统的庭院养殖萎缩,有机垃圾就地消纳的方式逐渐消失,也使农村生活垃圾中厨余含量增大;以及秸秆回田的减少和煤块燃料的普遍使用,也成为灰土等无机垃圾产生的主要来源;此外,电子产品的使用和淘汰,农村医保的兴起,农药的普遍使用也造成了电子废物、过期药品和农药瓶(袋)等有害垃圾在生活垃圾中频频出现[104]。

2)区域特征

中国各地区农村生活垃圾的组分见表3所示。根据对中国农村生活垃圾中主要组分——厨余类、纸类、橡塑类和灰土类的K个独立样本的非参数检验,无论是Kruskal-Wallis还是Jonckheere-Terpstr检验,各主要组分的渐进显著性都远小于0.01,由此可知,中国各地区农村生活垃圾的主要组分均不是全部来自具有相同分布的总体,具有极其显著的地区差异。

由表3可知,中国农村生活垃圾中纸类含量呈现由南向北逐渐递减的趋势;橡胶类含量有着明显的由南向北逐渐递减的趋势,有着一定的由东向西逐渐递减的趋势;灰土类含量呈现明显的由北向南逐渐递减的趋势。生活垃圾中主要组分的上述变化趋势主要是由于中国不同地区不同经济发展水平、燃料结构、以及生活习惯等因素造成的。

表3 中国不同地区农村生活垃圾组分特征Table 3 Composition of domestic waste in rural areas of different regions in China %

3)城乡差异

中国典型城市与相应农村生活垃圾组分见表4。一方面,根据独立样本T检验,中国农村与城市生活垃圾组分中,厨余类(Sig.(双侧)=0.025)、灰土类(Sig.(双侧)=0.016)和金属类(Sig.(双侧)=0.045)具有显著性差异,农村生活垃圾中厨余和金属含量显著低于城市,相反,农村生活垃圾中灰土显著高于城市。

表4 中国典型城市与农村生活垃圾组分比较Table 4 Comparison of domestic waste composition between typical cities and their corresponding rural areas in China %

另一方面,在中国不同地区,农村与城市生活垃圾组分差异程度也不尽相同。在城乡差距不大或城乡一体化进程进展较快的地方,农村与城市生活垃圾组分差别不明显,农村生活垃圾组分正逐渐趋于城市化;而在城乡差距较大的地方,农村生活垃圾中的可降解有机物(厨余+木竹)和可回收物(纸+橡塑+织物+金属+玻璃)明显低于城市,农村生活垃圾中的惰性物质(灰土+砖瓦陶瓷)明显高于城市;在一些回收途径不畅或群众回收观念不强的地方,农村生活垃圾中的可降解有机物低于城市,可回收物和惰性物质高于城市。

综上所述,可见中国农村生活垃圾与城市生活垃圾的组分差异显著,原因除在产生率城乡差异中所述原因外,还由于城市具有更完善的可再生资源回收系统以及更多的拾荒人员对可回收垃圾进行回收利用。

4)随时间变化趋势

随着农村社会、经济发展水平的不断提高,农村生活垃圾组分也在不断发生改变。以陕西省西安市华西镇和蓝关镇的生活垃圾为例[128](如图3所示),厨余类组分呈显著的直线上升趋势,纸类也呈显著的曲线上升趋势;相反,灰土类和木竹类呈显著的直线下降趋势。此外,橡塑类也有上升趋势,而砖瓦陶瓷类和玻璃类则呈下降趋势;剩余其他组分没有明显的变化趋势,这与发达国家发展初期的情况类似[129]。

图3 西安某小城镇生活垃圾组分变化趋势Fig.3 Trend of domestic waste composition in town of Xi′an

2.3.2 容重与可压缩性

中国农村生活化垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m3之间,平均值为263 kg/m3,根据74个样本的Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检验,渐近显著性(双侧)Sig.=0.15,符合正态分布。

结合农村生活垃圾各组分的容积和组分比例可知,中国农村生活垃圾中,厨余、橡塑类和纸类占据了很大部分的收运体积,因此,其可压缩性好,采取压缩措施后,能够显著降低生活垃圾的收运体积,压缩比与压力之间的关系可表示为[12]:

式中y为压缩比;x为压力,kPa。

2.4 处理建议

鉴于中国农村生活垃圾产生量大,特性区域差异显著等特点,对农村生活垃圾的污染与管理应引起足够的重视。在生活垃圾的管理中,建议采取如下措施:

1)在各地区的设计计算中,选取各地区相应的地区数值;产生率取所在地区平均值,不符合正态分布的省(市)取中位值。

2)在有条件的农村地区,可逐步开展垃圾分类收集,首先将厨余和灰土进行分流,以实现生活垃圾的减量化和资源化。

3)在已开展“村收集-镇运输-县处理”模式的农村,可考虑采用压缩式中转站和垃圾车对农村生活垃圾进行收集和运输。

4)在中国农村地区,应因地制宜地设计生活垃圾的处理模式。在人口密集、交通便利和经济发达的地区,可考虑采用“村收集-镇运输-县处理”模式;在人口分散、交通不便、经济欠发达的地区,可考虑分散处理、组团处理或分散与集中相结合的管理模式。

3 结 论

通过对中国当前农村生活垃圾的产生与物理特性的现场调查和文献统计,可得出如下结论:

1)中国农村生活垃圾2014年产生量达到1.48亿t;产生率介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之间,其平均值和中位值分别为0.649和0.521 kg/(人·d),低于城市生活垃圾产生率;而且具有来源广泛且分散、增长迅速、分布分散、区域差异显著、产生量大等特点,对农村生活垃圾的污染与管理需引起足够的重视。

2)中国农村生活垃圾主要组分包括厨余类、灰土类、橡塑类和纸类,其湿基质量百分比均值累计比例达到了83.61%;厨余、纸类、橡塑类含量呈升高趋势,灰土和砖瓦陶瓷等呈降低趋势发展;组分区域差异显著,其中橡胶类含量有着明显的由南向北逐渐递减的趋势,相反,灰土类含量由北向南逐渐增加;虽然农村生活垃圾组分正逐渐趋于城市化,但与城市生活垃圾组分相比,具有低厨余和金属含量、高灰土含量的特点。在有条件的农村地区,可逐步开展垃圾分类收集,首先将厨余和灰土进行分流,以实现生活垃圾的减量化和资源化。

3)中国农村生活化垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m3之间,平均值为263 kg/m3,可压缩性较好。在已开展“村收集-镇运输-县处理”模式的农村,可考虑采用压缩式中转站和垃圾车对农村生活垃圾进行收集和运输。

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(1. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; 2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; 3. Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, China; 4. Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; 5. Science School of Tibet University, Lhasa 850002, China; 6. China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100120, China)

Yield and physical characteristics analysis of domestic waste in rural areas of China and its disposal proposal

Han Zhiyong1,2,3, Fei Yongqiang1,2, Liu Dan4, Dan Zeng5, Zhang Yu1,2, Shi Guozhong3※, Wang Jialei6, Xie Yanhua1,2

In recent decades, a huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination, including negative impacts on human health in rural areas of China. Generally, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste are usually considered as the most important stages of waste management, which are directly linked to waste generation and characteristics. So, it is difficult to optimize the design of the required infrastructures and facilities without an accurate estimation of the amounts and characteristics of domestic waste. Nevertheless, to date few studies have investigated the characteristics of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. The main purpose of our work is to provide reliable background information as a reference and guidance for the source classification, for recycling, and for the treatment and disposal of domestic waste in rural areas of China. A total of 580 households in 59 villages of 6 provinces in West China were surveyed and 128 questionnaires were reviewed, based on which, the generation and physical characteristics of domestic waste in rural areas of China were analyzed via statistic method and the comparisons between different regions, between urban and rural areas and between China and other countries. Results showed that the sources of domestic waste in rural areas of China mainly included catering, daily consumption (such as packages, residues and obsoleted daily goods), cleaning from public areas and agricultural production. The generation rate of rural domestic waste was 0.034-3.000 kg/d per capita in different regions with the median of 0.521 kg/d per capita. It is much lower than the generation rate in cities and other developed countries. The total generation reached up to 148 million tons in 2014 in rural areas of China. The rural domestic waste showed the characteristics of wide range of sources, low generation rate, high volume, good compressibility, rapid growth and significant regional differences. Rural domestic waste was mainly composed of kitchen waste, ash, plastics and rubbers and paper with a cumulative proportion of 83.61%. The composition of the rural domestic waste differed significantly from regions. The content of plastic/rubber gradually decreased from south to north in China; on the contrary, the ash waste increased. In recent decades, the contents of kitchen waste, paper, plastic/rubber increased with time but the contents of ash waste, brick/ceramic, wood and glass decreased. It is because the composition of domestic waste in the countryside was gradually becoming similar with that of municipal solid waste in the city. However, it still had lower contents of kitchen waste and metals while higher content of ash waste compared with those in cities. The bulk density of the domestic waste was 40-650 kg/m3with an average of 263 kg/m3. Moreover, the compressibility of the RDW was very good. Based on the outcome of this research, compressed garbage trucks and transfer stations are suggested in the countryside where the centralized treatment and disposal in the local county has been developed. Furthermore, sorting collection is recommended to separate kitchen waste and ash at the source and then treat them on site. These recommendations can greatly relieve the loads of waste collection, transportation and disposal and ensure financial viability.

wastes; rural areas; physical properties; waste yield; waste composition; bulk density; compressibility

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.001

X705

A

1002-6819(2017)-15-0001-14

2017-04-13

2017-07-28

国家自然科学基金项目(41602240);中国博士后科学基金项目(2016M592646);四川省科技计划项目(No. 2016JY0107 & 2017ZR0044);中国农业科学院科技创新工程;西藏自治区科技计划重点科技项目(Z2016C01G01106)。

韩智勇,男(仡佬族),贵州道真人,博士,副教授,主要从事固体废物资源化与处理处置。成都 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室(成都理工大学),610059。Email:hanzhiyong13@cdut.cn

※通信作者:施国中,男,江苏宜兴人,学士,研究员,主要从事农村生活废弃物处理处置。成都 农业部沼气科学研究所,610041。

Email:shiguozhong@caas.cn

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