不同氮形态对镉胁迫下小白菜生长及镉含量的影响
2017-09-03潘维徐茜茹卢琪刘越薛琬蕾宋必秀都韶婷
潘维,徐茜茹,卢琪,刘越,薛琬蕾,宋必秀,都韶婷
(浙江工商大学环境科学与工程学院,浙江杭州310018)
不同氮形态对镉胁迫下小白菜生长及镉含量的影响
潘维,徐茜茹#,卢琪,刘越,薛琬蕾,宋必秀,都韶婷*
(浙江工商大学环境科学与工程学院,浙江杭州310018)
【目的】研究施用速效氮肥(全铵、全硝、硝铵复合和尿素)对镉(Cd)污染土壤小白菜生长和Cd含量的影响,为合理选择氮肥,缓解Cd对植物生长的胁迫并减少Cd在作物体内的积累提供依据。【方法】以小白菜为试材,采用菜园土进行了盆栽试验。以CdCl2溶液模拟土壤Cd胁迫,设土壤Cd含量0、1、3和5mg/kg 4个水平,每个胁迫水平分别供应小白菜铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵(1∶1)和尿素4种氮形态,总氮添加量均为N 400mg/kg土。收获后分析各处理间小白菜的生长、光合、氧化胁迫及Cd含量的差异。【结果】1)与无Cd对照相比,Cd1mg/kg处理水平下,全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理的小白菜可食部分鲜重分别下降了31%、16%、21%和26%;Cd3mg/kg处理水平下分别下降了58%、28%、35%和39%;Cd5mg/kg处理水平下分别下降了83%、38%、52%和69%。全硝和硝铵处理间小白菜Cd耐受系数(TICd)差异不显著,但均高于全铵和尿素处理。2)与无Cd对照相比,Cd1mg/kg处理下,全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理小白菜叶片的光合速率分别下降了14%、10%、12%和13%;Cd3mg/kg处理分别下降了33%、22%、25%和40%;Cd5mg/kg处理分别下降了53%、42%、41%和56%。与无Cd对照相比,1mg/kg Cd浓度时全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理小白菜叶片的丙二醛含量分别增加了11%、4%、9%和11%;超氧自由基产生速率分别增加了5%、1%、2%和4%,综合比较,以全硝处理下小白菜受Cd的光合抑制及氧化胁迫相对最小。3)3个Cd处理水平,均以施用全铵和尿素处理的小白菜体内Cd含量最高,硝铵处理次之,全硝处理最低。【结论】在供试菜园土上,小白菜施用铵态氮和尿素易引起Cd在小白菜体内的积累。施用硝态氮可缓解Cd诱导的光合抑制和氧化胁迫,减轻Cd对小白菜的生长胁迫,降低作物体内Cd的含量。
镉;速效氮;小白菜;光合作用;氧化胁迫;镉含量
自20世纪初发现镉(Cd)以来,Cd被广泛应用于电镀工业、化工业、电子业和核工业等领域,相当数量的Cd被排入环境,引起全球性土壤Cd污染[1]。如,美国加州南部农业用地土壤Cd含量为0.005~2mg/kg[2];英国、法国污染区土壤Cd含量分别为1.5~5.7mg/kg[3]和3.1~31.4mg/kg[4];澳大利亚、尼日利亚和印度的污染区土壤Cd含量分别为1.0~9.8 mg/kg[5]、0.41~17.23mg/kg[6]和0.55~8.85mg/kg[7]。我国土壤Cd污染形势也极为严峻。20世纪末,我国土壤Cd污染面积已达13000hm2,涉及11个省市的25个地区[8]。2014年全国土壤污染调查公报显示,我国土壤中Cd的点位超标率已高达7.0%,中轻度污染达1.3%。耕地中Cd的点位超标率则更高,为调查污染物之首[9]。近10年来的文献资料也表明我国耕地Cd污染形势严峻[10]。如我国南部土壤Cd含量为0.121~3.153mg/kg[11];珠江口农业用地土壤Cd含量达0.099~3.778mg/kg[12];北方30个污灌区土壤Cd含量为0.05~2.23mg/kg[13]。我国作为一个耕地资源短缺的国家,大面积的中、轻和轻微Cd污染耕地仍用于农业生产。耕作土壤中的Cd易被农作物根系吸收且易在体内积累,直接影响作物的生长和发育,造成农作物减产及Cd的积累[14]。作物中的Cd还将通过食物链进入人体,危害人类健康。因此,寻找合适的方法以缓解Cd对作物的生长胁迫并降低污染土壤中作物体内Cd的含量尤为重要。通过源头控制,即通过修复污染土壤以减轻农作物对重金属的积累是最常见的方法之一[15]。然而,这些方法虽能减少土壤重金属污染,但具有较大的局限性。例如,土壤淋洗法不适用于粘质土壤,且提取剂选择不当易破坏土壤结构,甚至造成土壤的二次污染[16];土壤固化技术中,常用的固化剂如粘土、水泥、沸石、矿物及磷酸盐[17–18]因其高成本而不适合大面积土壤的修复[19];植物修复技术存在周期长、修复效率较低的问题[20]。因此,寻找操作简单且高效的方法以减轻Cd对植物的毒害并降低作物中Cd含量仍然迫切。
氮元素是作物必需的营养物质之一。氮肥的施用也是非常重要的农业措施[21]。以往研究发现,植物在吸收铵态氮时会导致H+释放至土壤中,使土壤pH值降低[22],从而增强土壤Cd的生物有效性。相反,施加硝态氮肥可促进植物体内OH–的释放,以维持土壤酸碱度的平衡,从而降低了土壤Cd的有效性。该观点在Florijn等[23]和Zaccheo等[24]的土培试验,以及Eriksson[25]、Willaert和Verloo[26]和Liu等[27]的水培试验中得到证实。然而,也有一些研究发现了相反的现象:施用硫酸铵的水稻,其抗Cd胁迫能力高于硝酸钙[28];硝态氮处理下超积累植物遏蓝菜地上部Cd含量是铵态氮处理下的2倍[29];施用硝态氮的东南景天中的Cd含量也高于铵态氮处理[30]。这些研究认为施加硝态氮肥可促进Cd的协同运输,从而使植株长势较差且积累较多的Cd[31–32]。虽然上述研究的结论并不一致,但均表明了氮肥的种类对植物抗Cd胁迫及Cd在植物体内积累的能力具有较大的影响。这些研究结论的不一致可能与土壤特性尤其是土壤缓冲性有关[33]。随着土壤酸化的日益严峻,南方酸性土壤的缓冲性弱的问题受到了广泛关注[34]。研究氮肥形态不同对缓冲性较差的Cd污染土壤中植株生长及Cd积累的影响具有理论实践意义。此外,上述已报道的研究均以谷类作物或超积累植物为研究对象,而关于这些氮肥对Cd污染蔬菜的影响研究未见报道。事实上,来源于蔬菜的Cd摄入比重极高,可占Cd摄入量的70%~90%[35]。Shentu等[36]采用土培试验研究了Cd0~7mg/kg对小白菜、番茄和萝卜生长和Cd吸收的影响;Liu等[37]的大白菜土培试验选用了Cd1.0、2.5和5mg/kg处理浓度;Chen等[38]则设置Cd3、6、9、12和24mg/kg浓度处理,探明不同程度Cd污染土壤对大白菜和芥菜的生长的影响;杨芸等[39]研究了Cd10mg/kg处理浓度下番茄生长的情况。结合北方3个区域(东北、黄淮海、西北地区)和南方4个区域(华中、西南、华东、华南地区)远离城郊的未受到工业“三废”、汽车尾气等污染的共503个典型农村菜田耕层土壤样品的调查数据,即未污染区土壤Cd含量达0.03~3.64mg/kg[40],并适当考虑菜田Cd污染的普遍性,本研究拟通过1、3和5mg/kg Cd的土壤盆栽试验,分析对比几种在中国施用较为普遍的速效氮肥(铵态、硝态、硝铵复合和酰胺态氮肥)对小白菜生长影响和Cd含量的差异,为重金属轻微污染土壤的利用及食品安全提供施肥理论依据。
1 材料和方法
1.1 供试土壤和作物
盆栽作物为小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.,上海青)。供试土壤取自浙江杭州近郊区菜园土壤(0—40cm)。供试土壤经风干,过4mm尼龙筛充分摇匀。土壤pH、电导率、阳离子交换量、有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮按鲍士旦[41]的方法测定。土壤总Cd含量按鲁如坤[42]的方法将土壤用4∶1∶2的HNO3/ HClO4/HF的强酸消解后用原子吸收仪测定。土壤基本理化性质:pH7.2、电导率0.7mS/cm、铵态氮2.5 mg/kg、硝态氮13.4mg/kg、有机质2.5g/kg、阳离子交换量7.9cmol/kg、总Cd含量0.23mg/kg。
1.2 盆栽处理
供试土壤为人工模拟Cd污染土壤,设Cd污染水平1、3和5mg/kg土,将处理需要的Cd量以CdCl2溶液的形式先与少量土壤充分混合均匀,再与剩余土壤混合均匀,放置老化2个月后用于盆栽试验[36,43]。设4个氮肥处理,分别为铵态氮[(NH4)2SO4]、硝态氮(NaNO3)、硝铵(1∶1)和尿素,氮肥施用量均为N400mg/kg,每个处理重复3次。盆栽试验在自然通风条件下进行,平均气温为9℃,相同大小的小白菜种子经0.1%H2O2表面消毒20min后,用蒸馏水彻底冲洗,于无菌水中浸泡过夜。随后,转移至普通土壤中培养至发芽。当幼苗长至双叶龄(大约播种后20d)时,挑选长势一致的幼苗移栽至盆栽土壤中,每盆4株。生长过程中浇灌去离子水,保持土壤含水量于60%左右。移栽70d后分析叶片光合速率,随后收获,称重,并测定各部位Cd含量。
1.3 测定指标及方法
叶片光合速率测定:选取同一部位的完全展开叶片,用光合作用分析仪(LI-6400型,Li-COR公司,美国)测定。参数如下:普通叶室;红、蓝光源;光子通量密度1200μmol/(m2·s);叶片面积4cm2;叶室相对湿度70%;CO2浓度424μL/L。
小白菜组织Cd含量测定:用自来水冲去小白菜根系表面粘附的泥土,然后将根部浸于20mmol/L Na2-EDTA溶液中保持15min以去除吸附在根表面的Cd[44]。用蒸馏水冲洗根部并迅速用吸水纸吸干后进行称重。将植物组织分装于信封中,置于烘箱内,于105℃下杀青30min,70℃下烘干至恒重。对烘干的植物样品进行称重和研磨。研磨后的样品粉末用HNO3/HCl(3∶1,v/v)消煮至澄清,随后用原子吸收分光光度计(ICE3300型,赛默飞世尔科技公司,美国)测定[31]。
土壤有效态镉含量测定:按GB/T23739-2009进行测定[46],称取5.0g土壤于100mL三角瓶内,加入0.005mol/L二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)–0.1mol/L三乙醇胺(TEA)–0.01mol/L CaCl2浸提液,25℃振荡2h。用0.45μm的纤维素滤膜过滤浸提液,稀释后用原子吸收分光光度计测定。
1.4 数据统计与分析
小白菜Cd耐受指数(TICd)按Gill等[47]的方法计算:
TICd(%)=1、3或5mg/kg Cd污染土壤中植物组织平均干重/0mg/kg Cd土壤中植物组织平均干重×100。
小白菜Cd转移系数(TF)按Mattina等[48]的方法计算:
TF=小白菜目标组织Cd含量/小白菜起始组织Cd含量。
有效态镉含量测定重复5次,其余指标测定重复3次,所有图表用Kyplot软件绘制。图和表中的值为平均值及标准差,不同字母表示差异达5%显著水平。
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同氮肥对 Cd污染土壤小白菜生长的影响
如图1所示,随着土壤中镉浓度的增加,小白菜的生物量均出现了下降的趋势。与未添加Cd土壤的小白菜植株相比,Cd污染水平为1mg/kg时,施用铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵1∶1和尿素的小白菜可食部分鲜重分别下降了31%、16%、21%和26%;Cd污染水平为3mg/kg时,分别下降了58%、28%、35%和39%;Cd污染水平为5mg/kg时,分别下降了83%、38%、52%和69%。由此可见,施用硝态氮和硝铵比1∶1的氮肥时Cd对小白菜生长的抑制作用相对较小。
Cd耐受系数(TICd)通常被用于反映植株抗Cd生长胁迫的能力。表1结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,所有氮肥处理下小白菜的TICd均出现了不同程度的降低。当Cd处理浓度为1mg/kg时,全硝与硝铵1∶1处理间TICd差异不显著,但均高于全铵和尿素处理。Cd处理浓度为3mg/kg时,全硝和硝铵1∶1处理下小白菜的TICd分别比全铵和尿素处理高了约30%~40%,达显著性水平。Cd处理浓度为5 mg/kg时,全硝处理下小白菜的TICd与硝铵1∶1处理间的差异仍然未达显著水平,但分别是全铵和尿素处理的2.5和2.7倍。上述结果表明:全铵和尿素处理下TICd降幅远大于全硝和硝铵1∶1处理;与全铵和尿素处理相比,全硝和硝铵1∶1处理下的小白菜具有更强的Cd耐受能力。
2.2 不同氮形态对 Cd 污染土壤小白菜叶片光合作用的影响
如表2所示,随着土壤Cd浓度的提高,4个氮形态处理小白菜的光合作用速率均受到了严重的抑制。与对照相比,在Cd1mg/kg处理,施加铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵1∶1和酰胺态氮的小白菜叶片光合作用速率分别下降了14%、10%、12%和13%;Cd3mg/kg处理的分别下降了33%、22%、25%和40%;Cd5mg/kg处理的分别下降了53%、42%、41%和56%。施用铵态氮和酰胺态氮小白菜光合速率受到的抑制高于施用硝态氮和硝铵1∶1处理,并且该差异随着Cd浓度的提高而加大。
图1 镉污染土壤中施用不同氮肥小白菜的可食部分鲜重Fig. 1 Fresh biomass of the edible part of pakchoi supplied with different N forms under different levels of Cd-contamination
表1 镉污染土壤中施用不同形态氮小白菜镉耐受系数 (TICd)Table 1 Cd tolerance index (TICd) of pakchoi in different N form supply under different Cd stress
表2 土壤不同镉胁迫水平、施用不同形态氮小白菜叶片的光合速率[μmol/(m2·s)]Table 2 Photosynthetic rate of pakchoi supplied with different N forms under Cd stress levels
2.3 不同速效氮肥对 Cd 诱导的氧化胁迫的影响
如图2所示,与未添加Cd对照相比,1mg/kg Cd污染土壤中施加铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵1∶1和酰胺态氮的小白菜叶片MDA含量增加了11%、4%、9%和11%;产生速率增加了5%、1%、2%和4%。硝态氮处理下Cd诱导的氧化胁迫未达显著水平,而铵态氮和酰胺态氮处理的小白菜叶片MDA含量和产生速率受Cd污染影响显著。
2.4 不同速效氮形态对小白菜组织 Cd 含量的影响
土壤Cd污染程度的增加,可使所有氮肥处理下的小白菜叶片和茎Cd含量成倍增加(图3)。然而,不同速效氮肥供应下小白菜体内Cd含量存在一定差异。于1mg/kg Cd浓度下,全铵与尿素处理小白菜叶片和茎Cd含量无显著差异,但均显著高于全硝和硝铵复合处理,增幅可达70%~150%。3mg/kg和5 mg/kg Cd处理下,不同形态氮肥处理小白菜Cd含量变化趋势较为接近,3mg/kg Cd浓度时,全铵、尿素和硝铵处理下小白菜体内Cd含量分别是全硝处理的2.5、1.9和1.3倍(叶)和2.6、2.3和1.2倍(茎);5mg/kg Cd浓度时,则分别是全硝处理的2.8、1.6和1.1倍(叶)和5.3、5.0和1.5倍(茎)。上述结果表明,全硝处理下的小白菜Cd含量最低,硝铵处理次之,全铵和尿素处理最高。并且,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,氮肥处理之间的差异也更为明显。
根据小白菜叶、茎和根中Cd的含量,可计算Cd转移系数TF根至地上部、TF根至茎和TF茎至叶用以研究植物体内Cd的分配情况。如图4所示,1mg/kg Cd土壤中,铵态氮处理的小白菜有着最大的TF根至地上部,比硝态氮、硝铵1∶1和酰胺态处理分别增加了82%、52%和8%,说明施加铵态氮的小白菜中Cd从根转移至地上部的能力最强。铵态氮及酰胺态氮处理下小白菜的TF根至茎无明显差异,约为硝态氮和硝铵1∶1处理的1.5~1.9倍,说明铵态氮和酰胺态氮显著提高了小白菜中Cd从根至茎的转运能力。硝态氮、硝铵1∶1和酰胺态氮处理下的TF茎至叶无显著差异,分别比铵态氮处理高了7%、8%和3%,说明在硝态氮和硝铵1∶1处理下,进入小白菜地上部的Cd在植物体内更易向叶转运。
2.5 不同速效氮形态化肥对土壤 pH和 Cd 有效性的影响
由图5可知,各氮肥处理之间土壤的pH差异显著。其中,全硝处理下土壤pH最高。袁波等[50]研究表明土壤pH对土壤有效态Cd含量影响较大,通常情况下呈负相关性。我们的结果也符合这一规律,即硝态氮处理下土壤有效态Cd含量最低,硝铵1∶1处理次之,酰胺态氮和铵态氮处理最高。
图2 不同镉胁迫水平、施用不同形态氮小白菜叶片的 MDA 含量和产生速率Fig. 2 MDA concentrations andproduction rates in leaves of pakchoi supplied with different N forms under different Cd stress levels
图3 不同镉胁迫水平和施用不同形态氮小白菜组织镉含量Fig. 3 Cd concentrations in pakchoi supplied with different N forms under different Cd stress levels
3 讨论和结论
本研究的结果表明,Cd会抑制小白菜的生长,引起生物量的下降。在土壤Cd处理浓度为1、3或5mg/kg时,供应铵态氮和尿素的小白菜生物量减产高于供应硝态氮和硝铵1∶1处理(图1)。由耐受系数TICd值可知,全硝和硝铵处理下小白菜对Cd的耐性无显著差异,并均高于全铵和尿素处理(表1)。这些数据均说明了Cd污染土壤中,施用硝态氮肥时Cd对小白菜的生长胁迫低于全铵及尿素处理。虽然硝铵1∶1处理下的小白菜的Cd耐受性与全硝处理无显著性差异,但该处理下小白菜的生物量仍低于全硝处理,这可能与小白菜是一种喜硝作物有关[51]。因此,在本供试土壤条件下,综合考虑Cd对植株生长的抑制及小白菜喜硝的特点,全硝供氮形式为最优选。众所周知,Cd对植物光合作用的抑制引起植物生物量的下降,被认为是Cd引起植物生长胁迫的重要成因之一[52–53]。本研究结果表明,硝氮处理下小白菜叶片的光合性能因Cd引起的下降显著小于铵氮和尿素处理(表2)。这可能是导致硝氮处理下小白菜生物量下降幅度相较于铵肥和尿素处理低的可能原因之一。另一方面,Cd胁迫能诱导植物体内氧化胁迫的发生[54]。本研究表明,Cd胁迫均导致了各种供氮处理下小白菜叶片中O2–的累积(图2)。其中,铵氮和尿素处理下小白菜叶片O2–的积累更为显著。随着活性氧的积累,细胞膜脂质过氧化加剧,组织或器官脂质过氧化反应将产生MDA[55–56]。本研究也显示,全铵和尿素处理下小白菜叶片MDA积累幅度也超过了全硝和硝铵复合处理。因此,我们认为全铵和尿素处理下Cd引起的氧化胁迫大于硝肥处理也可能是导致硝肥处理下小白菜生物量下降幅度相较于全铵和尿素处理低的原因。
图4 1 mg/kg 镉胁迫水平下施用不同形态氮小白菜的镉转移系数Fig. 4 TFs of Cd in pakchoi supplied with different N forms under 1 mg/kg Cd stress level
图5 1 mg/kg 镉胁迫下施用不同形态氮的土壤 pH 和有效态镉含量Fig. 5 Soil pH values and available Cd contents affected by nitrogen forms under 1 mg/kg of Cd stress level
由于对食物的大量需求,中国仍有大面积受Cd污染的土壤用于农业生产[57]。土壤Cd污染引起的农产品Cd积累已成为农业生产及食品安全的严峻问题。由于中国大多数地区土壤的平均肥力不高,氮素不易在土壤中积累,因此氮肥在农业中有着广泛的应用。本研究发现,与硝氮处理的小白菜相比,Cd污染土壤中施用全铵和尿素的小白菜叶和茎中Cd含量更高(图3)。该现象与大多数观点一致,即土壤施用铵态氮肥会增加Cd在植物体内的积累[25,58–59]。引起上述现象的机制可能与植物对氮的吸收引起缓冲性较差土壤的pH变化有关。如,土壤中的H+伴随着硝酸根离子的吸收而进入植物体,导致土壤pH的增加。而当铵根离子被植物体吸收时,植物体内的H+则会释放到土壤中,造成土壤酸化[23,60–61]。土壤pH的变化,又会通过离子交换作用影响重金属从交换态或土壤胶体中的解吸从而影响土壤Cd的植物有效性[62–64]。因此,氮肥可改变土壤中Cd的有效性及其在植物中的积累[65]。本试验通过测定各处理下土壤的pH和有效态Cd也证实,施用全铵、硝铵复合及尿素的土壤pH均低于全硝处理,有效态Cd含量则高于全硝处理(图5)。全硝处理下较高的土壤pH和较低的有效态Cd可能是该处理下小白菜体内Cd含量最低的原因。处理间pH和Cd有效性的差异也可从侧面解释以下现象:1)全铵处理下,土壤Cd有效性高,Cd由根向茎的转运能力强(图4);2)硝铵复合处理下土壤Cd有效性略高于全硝处理,施用硝铵复合肥小白菜的Cd含量低于施用铵态氮肥和尿素,但略高于全硝氮肥(图3和图5);3)土壤中施用尿素后虽会因尿酶的水解而导致土壤pH的升高,但长期存留在土壤中的尿素会转化为铵根从而引起土壤pH的降低[26]。因而,尿素处理下Cd污染对小白菜的生长抑制及Cd含量的影响情况近似全铵处理(图1、图3和图4)。另外,最新的水培研究表明硝态氮能促进Cd共运至植物体内[31,66]。该结论从某种程度上也为本研究中硝态氮处理TF茎至叶高于铵和尿素处理给予了一定的解释(图4)。
综上,硝态氮肥更有利于维持土壤pH和低的有效态Cd水平,可缓解Cd诱导的光合抑制和氧化胁迫,减轻Cd对小白菜的生长胁迫,并有利于降低作物体内Cd的含量。因此,在叶菜类蔬菜的氮肥管理中,建议在缓冲性较差的Cd污染土壤中优选硝态氮肥。另外,今后还应该进一步选用不同特性的土壤(尤其是缓冲性较好的土壤)开展后续研究,以明确在不同土壤特性Cd污染条件下的氮肥施用方法。值得注意的是,本研究采用了人工模拟土壤,不能完全代表其他Cd污染水平的农田情况。因此,建议今后的研究选用长期轻微、轻度Cd污染农田土壤为供试对象,以获取更全面的信息。
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Effects of nitrogen forms on the growth and Cd concentration of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) under Cd stress
PAN Wei,XU Qian-ru#,LU Qi,LIU Yue,XUE Wan-lei,SONG Bi-xiu,DU Shao-ting*
(College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China)
【Objectives】Effects of common nitrogen(N)supply forms(ammonium,nitrate,ammonium/nitrate and urea)on the growth of Chinese cabbage pakchoi(Brassica chinensis L.)grown in the cadmium(Cd)-contaminated soil were studied to develop proper nitrogen management strategies for Cd-contaminated soils.【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted using soils from vegetable garden in Hangzhou.The tested soil was adjusted to four Cd contamination levels(0,1,3and5mg/kg)with CdCl2solution in advance.Four Nsupply forms[ammonium,nitrate,ammonium/nitrate(1∶1)and urea]were supplied for the pakchoi respectively,with the addition amount of N400mg/kg soil.After the harvest,the biomass,photosynthesis,Cd-induced oxidative stress and Cd concentration of the plants in different treatments were investigated.【Results】1)Compared with the Cd0,the fresh weights of the edible parts of pakchoi were reduced by31%,16%,21%and26%in Cd1,by 58%,28%,35%and39%in Cd3,and by83%,38%,52%and69%in Cd5in the presence of ammonium,nitrate,ammonium/nitrate and urea,respectively.There were no significant differences in the tolerance index(TICd) between the nitrate and ammonium/nitrate treatments,and the tolerance indices of the nitrate and ammonium/nitrate treatments were higher than those of the ammonium and urea treatments.2)Compared with Cd 0,the photosynthetic rates in the plants exposed to ammonium,nitrate,ammonium/nitrate,and urea were significantly decreased by14%,10%,12%and13%in Cd1,by33%,22%,25%and40%in Cd3,and by53%, 42%,41%and56%in Cd5;the levels of MDA andproduction rates were increased by11%,4%,9%and 11%,and5%,1%,2%and4%in Cd1,respectively.The Cd induced-photosynthesis inhibition and oxidative stress were relatively lower in the pakchoi with nitrate supply.3)The content of Cd in pakchoi were in the order of:nitrate cadmium;readily auailable nitrogen;pakchoi;photosynthesis;oxidative stress;cadmium content 2016–11–18接受日期:2017–02–16 浙江省公益技术应用研究项目(2017C32001);大学生科技创新项目(GJ201723003,2016r408057,CX201723005)资助。 潘维(1994—),女,江苏淮安人,硕士研究生,主要从事污染环境的生理生态方面的研究。E-mail:2506914508@qq.com #徐茜茹与第一作者同等贡献,E-mail:378841167@qq.com *通信作者Tel:0571-28008209,E-mail:dushaoting@zjgsu.edu.cn