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上消化道上皮内瘤变的内镜下特征

2017-08-29马师洋邹百仓

胃肠病学和肝病学杂志 2017年7期
关键词:胃体白光内瘤

张 莉, 秦 斌, 马师洋, 邹百仓, 董 蕾, 杨 军

西安交通大学第二附属医院 1.消化内科;2.病理科,陕西 西安 710004

其他论著

上消化道上皮内瘤变的内镜下特征

张 莉1, 秦 斌1, 马师洋1, 邹百仓1, 董 蕾1, 杨 军2

西安交通大学第二附属医院 1.消化内科;2.病理科,陕西 西安 710004

目的 探讨上消化道上皮内瘤变(intraepithelial neoplasia, IN)的内镜下特点,提高上消化道早癌的检出率。方法 收集2015年7月-2016年7月在西安交通大学第二附属医院因各种原因接受上消化内镜检查的3 676例患者的临床资料,其中检出不同级别的IN者35例,结合病理结果,分析上消化道IN的内镜下特征。结果 主要累及部位是胃(22例),其次为食管(9例)、十二指肠(2例)、食管胃吻合口(1例)、残胃(1例),食管IN最常见的内镜下表现为黏膜粗糙,其次为黏膜糜烂,较少见的表现有黏膜颜色的改变及小结节样改变;胃病变中最常见的类型为平坦型(Ⅱ型),其次为凹陷型病变(Ⅱa+Ⅱc及Ⅰc)和隆起型病变(Ⅰa),白光内镜基础上,图像增强内镜(染色内镜、I-scan、BLI、LCI及NBI)有助于病变范围及深度的判断。结论 白光内镜精查基础上,应用内镜图像增强技术,有助于提高IN及早癌的检出率。

上皮内瘤变;原位癌;胃肠镜;病理

癌前病变是一种组织学上的异常,其肿瘤的发生率比正常组织要高[1]。消化道的癌前病变先后被称为异型增生(atypia)、不典型增生(dysplasia)和上皮内瘤变(intraepithelial neoplsia, IN),三者意义相近,IN包括低级别上皮内瘤变(low grade intraepithelial neoplaisa, LGIN)和高级别上皮内瘤变(high grade intraepithelial neoplasia,HGIN),LGIN包括低度不典型增生(low grade dyaplasia,LGD)和中度不典型增生(mild grade dyplasia, MGD),而HGIN包括高度不典型增生(high grade dysplasia, HGD)和黏膜内癌(cancer in situ)[2-3]。不管是LGIN还是HGIN均需要内镜严密观测,同时需要内镜下干预,如内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR)、内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)[4]。在机会性筛查和高危患者精查的基础上,发现各级IN及表浅癌,并对其进行内镜随访与治疗,对减少侵袭性肿瘤的发生,并最终降低肿瘤的病死率,具有重大意义[5-8]。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 收集2015年7月-2016年7月因各种原因在西安交通大学第二附属医院消化内镜中心第四室(内镜中心共有4个检查室,各室间人员定期轮换,分工无明显差异)接受胃镜检查的患者3 676例,其中81例为可疑IN的患者内镜下取活检行组织学检查,35例证实为不同级别的IN[3, 9-10],诊断率为0.92%(35/3 676)。这35例患者年龄(40.3±15.6)岁(34~75岁),男27例,女8例,男女性别之比为3.75∶1,其中15例为LGIN,20例为HGIN伴/不伴局灶癌变,活检阳性率为43.21%;同时期检出上消化道进展期恶性肿瘤者103例,年龄(56.0±12.4)岁,男63例,女40例,两组在性别、年龄上相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),进展期癌与IN的比值为2.94∶1。

1.2 纳入标准和排除标准 纳入标准:(1)食管、胃和十二指肠的表浅病变;(2)组织病理学诊断为LGD、MGD、HGD、LGIN、HGIN、局灶癌变及黏膜内癌;其中LGD、MGD、LGIN均归类为LGIN,HGD、HGIN、局灶癌变及黏膜内癌均归类为HGIN。排除标准:接受内镜下切除或外科术后,与术前诊断不符,证明为进展期癌、淋巴瘤,或有淋巴结及其他器官转移的患者。在研究前,所有患者均签订知情同意书。病理学诊断评级参考国内外标准[3, 9-10],由1名资深病理学医师完成。

1.3 研究方法

1.3.1 所用内镜:潘泰克斯PANTAX EG29-i10内镜(PANTAX Medical corporation,Tokyo,Japan);奥林巴斯系列内镜:Olympus 290,Olympus 260J,Olympus 260z(Olympus,Tokyo,Japan);富士能内镜FUJINO EGL590WR(FUJIFILM Corporation,Tokyo,Japan)。

1.3.2 内镜前充分准备:参考《消化管内视镜诊断》[11]及相关文献[12],包括术前30 min,患者口服含有二甲硅油2.5 mg,链蛋白酶的溶液30 ml,术前10 min口服达克罗宁胶浆10 ml。

1.3.3 内镜观察:第一步白光内镜下精查,发现可疑病变后,采用内镜图像增强技术,最后结合病理检查结果,分析上消化道IN的内镜下特征。

内镜检查时,根据食管附着的黏液量冲水50~100 ml,自食管上段开始每2 cm采集图像1张,至齿状线上共约10张;齿状线在正常状态下和深吸气下各1张;胃窦前壁、小弯侧、后壁、大弯侧4张,幽门1张;反转内镜,胃角正中、前壁、后壁2张,胃体下部、中部、上部各2张,胃底穹隆部1张;退镜过程中胃体下部、中部、上部按照前壁、小弯侧、后壁、大弯侧各留图4张;十二指肠球部采集带有十二指肠上角图1张,十二指肠降段带有十二指肠乳头的图1张。

化学染色内镜:对发现有可疑病变的食管采用3%卢格式碘溶液自齿状线至食管入口进行喷洒染色,对胃内可疑病变采用2%靛胭脂染色。按照巴黎分类[13],内镜下早期胃癌的肉眼分类为:隆起型(Ⅰ型)、平坦型(Ⅱ型)及凹陷型(Ⅲ型),其中Ⅱ型又再分为表浅隆起型(Ⅱa)、表浅平坦型(Ⅱb)及表浅凹陷型(Ⅱc),食管及十二指肠分类与之相似。

2 结果

2.1 IN的分布 累及最多的部位是胃(22例,LGIN 11例,HGIN 11例),其中胃窦8例(LGIN 4例,HGIN 4例),胃体5例(HGIN 3例,LGIN 2例),胃角4例(LGIN 2例,HGIN 2例),贲门3例(LGIN 2例,HGIN 1例),幽门管(HGIN)1例,胃底(LGIN)1例;其次为食管9例(LGIN 2例,HGIN 7例);十二指肠2例,1例为十二指肠球部溃疡(LGIN),1例为十二指肠乳头增生性病变(LGIN);胃食管吻合口1例;残胃1例;5例(20%)患者与残胃有关,包括1例吻合口LGIN,1例食管LGIN,1例食管HGIN,1例残胃HGIN,2例重复癌,1例为胃窦进展期腺癌合并胃体中-重度异型增生(HGIN);1例为贲门低分化腺癌,胃体中度异型增生(LGIN)。

2.2 内镜下特征 食管IN最常见的内镜下表现为黏膜粗糙、不平,其次为黏膜糜烂,较少见的表现有黏膜颜色的改变及小结节样改变(见图1)。胃病变中,最常见的类型为平坦型(Ⅱ型),平坦型中又以Ⅱa+Ⅱc最为常见,其次为Ⅱc及Ⅰa病变。白光内镜可以发现病变,在白光内镜的基础上,再应用电子染色内镜(包括I-scan及NBI)对表面结构及血管进行精细观察,有助于明确病变的性质和范围。

3 讨论

上消化道肿瘤中,胃癌在世界的发病率居肿瘤类疾病的第4位,死亡率居第2位,每年死亡人数70多万,其中3/4的新诊断病例出现在亚洲[14-15],食管癌居肿瘤发病率的第6位[16],以上均造成严重的肿瘤负担。但早期癌和进展期癌有显著的预后差异,日本早期胃癌的诊断率约50%,我国仅为5%~10%,说明我国存在严重的早癌漏诊情况[5,17]。有资料表明从LGIN进展到侵袭性癌的时间为1~2年,而LGIN进展为HGIN则仅为5~10个月[18]。内镜下筛查、随访是发现早期肿瘤及癌前病变的重要手段,对癌前状态进行处理,对LGIN密集随访或内镜下治疗,对HGIN进行内镜下切除可以明显减少肿瘤的负担[6,19]。然而国内多个研究发现内镜诊断为HGIN,外科手术后仅有一部分保持HGIN的诊断,很大一部分为早癌甚至为进展期癌,LGIN也有在随访中证明为漏诊早癌的报道,说明我国对IN的诊断存在一定的问题[20-24]。第一步白光内镜下观察,再应用图像增强内镜手段,再换用靛胭脂(胃)、卢格式碘(食管)的色素内镜、电子染色内镜(包括NBI)可见提高IN及早癌的检出率[25-30]。2007年中国上海10个医疗机构的早期胃癌筛选结果显示,胃癌的检出率为2%,其中早期胃癌占检出病例的9.61%[31]。西安1991年-2002年三所大型医院

图1 食管下段鳞状上皮MGD A1:白光下内镜下的Ⅱb病变;B1:I-scan的TE-e模式,病变范围更加清晰;C1:卢格式碘染色素内镜可见不染区;图2 胃窦MGD病变 A2:白光内镜下的Ⅱa+Ⅱc病变;B2:I-scan的TE-v模式可见病变中央血管的紊乱;C2:I-scan的TE-g模式使病变黏膜结构更加清晰;图3 胃体下部HGIN A3:白光下Ⅱa+Ⅱc病变;B3:病变的NBI图像;C3:NBI+放大后可见腺管结构紊乱,微血管增粗;D3:NBI+放大可见病变乏血管区;图4 胃角HGIN A4:白光下可见黏膜发白、粗糙;B4:NBI下见黏膜颜色改变;C4:NBI+放大可见规则的腺管结构消失,微血管紊乱,部分呈开瓶器样;图5 胃体上部低分化黏膜内癌 A5:白光下的Ⅱc病变;B5:BLI下可见病变边界规则,中央微结构紊乱;C5:LCI下病变部位与正常黏膜颜色反差明显的资料表明其中早期食管癌仅占全部食管癌的0.79%,早期贲门癌占贲门癌的0.96%,早期胃癌占胃癌的0.71%[32]。本研究中,随机筛查基础上IN的检出率约为1%,IN与进展期癌的比值约为3∶1,其中HGIN与进展期癌的比值约为5∶1,诊断率明显提高。说明熟悉IN及早癌的内镜下表现,内镜前充分准备,利用染色内镜、放大内镜可以提高IN的检出率,并最终减少肿瘤的病死率。

Fig 1 Squamous epithelial MGD in lower esophagus A1: white light endoscopic view of Ⅱb lesion; B1: TE-e mode of I-scan highlighted the scope of the lesion; C1: chromoscopy with lugol’s iodine indicated unstained area; Fig 2 MGD lesion at the antrum A2: white light endoscopic view of Ⅱa+Ⅱc lesion; B2: TE-v mode of I-scan indicated irregular vascular at the center of the lesion; C2: TE-g mode of I-scan highlighted the mucosal structure of the lesion; Fig 3 HGIN at gastric lower body A3: white light endoscopic view of Ⅱ a+Ⅱ c; B3: NBI view of the lesion; C3: magnifying endoscopy with NBI indicated irregular pit pattern and enlarged microvascular; D3: magnifying endoscopy with NBI showed avasclular area (AVA) at the lesion; Fig 4 HGIN at the angulus A4: mucosal whiteness and coarse in white light image; B4: mucosal color change under NBI; C4: magnifying endoscopy with NBI indicated the loss of regular pit and corkscrew pattern of irregular microvascular; Fig 5 Mucosal undifferentiated carcinoma at the upper body A5: white light view of the Ⅱc lesion; B5: BLI highlighted a regular lesion with microstructure irregular at center part; C5: compare to normal mucosa, the color change was more abrupt in LCI

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(责任编辑:陈香宇)

The endoscopic features of intraepithelial neoplasia in upper gastrointestinal

ZHANG Li1, QIN Bin1, MA Shiyang1, ZOU Baicang1, DONG Lei1, YANG Jun2

1.Department of Gastroenterology; 2.Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China

Objective To investigate the endoscopic morphological features of intraepithelial neoplasia (IN) in upper gastrointestinal tract and the diagnostic rate of early stage cancer. Methods Among 3 676 patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenal endoscopy in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from Jul. 2015 to Jul. 2016, 35 cases were histopathological proved IN and early stage carcinoma, whose clinical data and the morphological features were collected and analyzed. Results The most involved site were stomach (22 cases), followed by esophagus (9 cases) and duodenum (2 cases), and 1 case esophagogastric anatomosis and 1 case gastric stump. Morphological feature of esophageal lesion included coarseness of mucosa, erosion and color change and nodular. The most common type of gastric lesion was flat type (typeⅡ), then depressed type (Ⅱa+Ⅱc, Ⅰc) and elevated type (Ⅰa). Based on white light image (WLI) endoscopy, enhanced image endoscopy (chromoscopy, I-scan, BLI, LCI and NBI) was helpful in the area and depth of lesions. Conclusion Based on WLI precise endoscopy, enhanced image endoscopy can improve the diagnostic level of precancerous lesion and early stage carcinoma.

Intraepithelial neoplasia; Carcinoma in situ; Endoscopy; Pathology

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.07.015

2016年中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目子课题(2016ZY-HM-01)

张莉,博士,主治医师,研究方向:消化道早癌的内镜下诊治。E-mail:744526131@qq.com

R735

A

1006-5709(2017)07-0769-04

2017-03-31

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