湖北省不同耕地类型小麦施肥效应研究初报
2017-08-22张淑贞黄小菁张剑锋张德才宋淑芬
张淑贞+黄小菁+张剑锋+张德才+宋淑芬+专启迪
摘要:通过2011~2014年在湖北省进行的55组小麦作物“3414”肥效试验,对比分析了水田及旱地两类耕地土壤养分分布规律及氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥料的增产效应。结果表明,湖北省小麦主产区农田土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别为54.8~188.0、3.2~24.6、70.5~164.0 mg/kg,其中碱解氮平均值表现为水田>旱地,有效磷、速效钾则表现为旱地>水田;小麦作物增产必须依赖于氮、磷、钾肥料的合理施用,忽略湖北省各小麦主产区在作物栽培品种、土壤障碍因子及肥料施用方式等方面的差异,当水田、旱地土壤总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)施用量分别为304.5、279.0 kg/hm2,养分配比分别为1∶0.40∶0.41、1∶0.39∶0.39时,可促进作物增产分别达118.06%、71.63%。
关键词:小麦;水田;旱地;增产效应
中图分类号:S512.11 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0439-8114(2017)14-2648-04
DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2017.14.012
Abstract: Soil nutrients distribution characteristics and yield-increasing effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on wheat were comparatively analyzed based on the 55 “3414” experiments in the paddy field and dry land of Hubei province. The results showed that the content ranges of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphate and rapidly available potassium in the both types of cultivated land were 54.8~188.0,3.2~24.6,70.5~164.0 mg/kg respectively, the whole rules of which were that the average content of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen of the paddy land was higher than the dry while the available phosphate and rapidly available potassium were the opposite. If ignoring the differences among the main cultivated varieties,barrier factors of soils,fertilization methods and other factors influencing the results in the main wheat producing areas of Hubei,the yield could be significantly promoted by applying the fertilizers appropriately,whose increasing rates were 118.06% and 71.63% separately when the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied were 304.5、279.0 kg/hm2 while the ratio of which were 1∶0.40∶0.41 and 1∶0.39∶0.39, respectively.
Key words: wheat; paddy field; dry land; yield-increasing effects
小麥具有适应性广、耐寒性强、高产稳产及营养价值高等特点,为湖北省主要粮食作物之一。据统计,2011~2014年湖北省小麦年均播种面积为1.04×106 hm2,约占全省粮食作物播种面积的25.10%,占夏粮作物播种面积的比例高达78.57%。其中,水田麦-稻、旱地麦/棉或麦/玉两熟种植面积占全省小麦播种面积的80%以上[1]。化肥是重要的农业生产资料,在促进粮食增产和农业生产发展等方面贡献较大,但由于中国农田长期普遍存在施肥量偏高、施肥结构不平衡、施肥方式不合理等问题,不仅限制了小麦作物产量及品质的提高,也在一定程度上加剧了土壤肥力的退化及水体、大气等的污染[1,2]。
湖北省境内水资源及养分资源分布不均、土壤类型复杂,由于常年受不同栽培管理措施的影响,水田、旱地土壤理化性质及肥力演变产生较大差异,而在实际生产中“因土施肥”才能在有效促进作物增产稳产的同时维持农田生态系统的良性循环。目前针对小麦作物的施肥效应及施肥决策的研究成果较多[3-13],但结合不同耕地利用方式进行对比分析的研究鲜见报道。本研究着重分析了近年来在湖北省水田和旱地土壤进行的小麦作物“3414”试验,以探明两类耕地土壤养分分布及施肥效应的差异,旨在为有针对性实现不同利用类型耕地土壤上作物的优质高产、资源高效利用、环境友好等目标奠定一定的理论基础。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
研究数据主要来自2011~2014年在湖北省进行的55组小麦“3414”肥效试验,试验点集中分布于鄂中丘陵和鄂北岗地麦区、鄂西北山地麦区、江汉平原麦区等小麦主产区,其水田土壤类型为水稻土,麦-稻轮作,32个试验点。旱田土壤类型为潮土、黄棕壤,麦/棉、麦/玉轮作,23个试验点。