高考题型突破：阅读七选五

⊙ 籍万杰

山东省临沂市费县第一中学高级教师

高考题型突破：阅读七选五

⊙ 籍万杰

山东省临沂市费县第一中学高级教师

不同于常规阅读理解题，阅读七选五主要考查学生对文章的整体内容、结构、上下文逻辑的理解和掌握。通过研究近五年全国卷的阅读七选五，我们可以发现一个规律：高考考查的体裁都是说明文，其题目类型分为段落主题句、篇章主题句、承上启下句、段落总结句和篇章总结句五种。

段落主题句

根据说明文题材的特点，如果空格位于段首，通常就是考查段落主题句。解题的方法是首先观察其他段落主题句的特点，找出可能的选项；然后通读全段，把握该段内容，注意备选项和段落中的原词复现或同义复现，便可锁定正确答案。

例1（2016年全国卷II）

37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料). 38 . However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.

A. Know why you garden

B. Find a good place for your own garden

C. It’s our experience of the garden that matters

D. It’s delightful to see so many beautiful fowers

E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too

G. For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have

解析：第37题空格位于段首，应为段落主题句。观察另一段的段落主题句是Recall(回忆) your childhood memories，是祈使句形式，而七个选项中使用祈使句的有A和B两项，我们再通读一遍，通过there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden可知，该段主要说明人们从事园艺的原因，故选A项。第38题是承上启下句。由前面的Some people may think… Others are concerned about…可知此处表达的是人们从事园艺的不同原因，而E项的Still others…与上文衔接自然，故选E项。

篇章主题句

说明文首段的末句一般是全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容或对某一问题或现象给出一些建议，然后在下文中以要点的形式进行呈现。如果首段的末句设空，我们就可以优先考虑篇章主题句。

例2（2014年北京卷）

Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to fnd relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71

A. Make choices that are right for you.

B. The goal of an ad is to sell you something.

C. Be sure to work through the critical questions.

D. And examine the fndings of the original research.

E. Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.

F. Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author’s point of view.

G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.

承上启下句

这是七选五中考查较多的一类。该类型在文章或段落的中间挖空，所挖掉的句子通常在语境和逻辑两方面和上下文有着密切的关系。解题时应“瞻前顾后”，注意查找是否有一些关键词的重复，是否有转折、递进、因果、让步、顺承等逻辑关系，以及下一句中是否有代词的指代和替代等。

例3（2016年全国卷I）

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out”might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

天道酬勤。通过对日光温室原理、栽培模式和不同作物栽培技术开展系统研究，郝哲逐步摸索出了一套与榆林自然气候条件相匹配的日光温室基本原理和环境调控技术，确定了日光温室的周年栽培模式，掌握了主要蔬菜作物的设施栽培技术。他首批种植的黄瓜、番茄、西葫芦、莴笋等蔬菜在1992年底成功上市，改写了榆林冬季不能生产喜温蔬菜的历史。

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the frst letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specifc letters of the alphabet.

解析：这两个空格都位于段中，应为承上启下句。通过浏览全段，我们判断出这一段都在介绍code book，在七个选项中，只有A和F是关于code book的内容。如果一时无法确定第39题应该如何选择，我们可以先看看第40题。通过下一句的However, it is also hard to…，我们很容易判断出A项的It is very hard to…更符合上下文逻辑，故40题应选A项——由此倒推39题应选F项，此处讲的是code book和word的关系，和下一句的单词举例相合。

段落总结句

如果空格位于段末，设题可分为两种情况：一种是承接逻辑，考查空格与前文的逻辑关系；另一类则可能是段落总结，该类通常是结论、概括性语句。考生应注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，或前文的同义句。

例4（2015年北京卷）

Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away. 75 A. Having interesting things to think about also helps. B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves. C. Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relativity, Coke or Post-it notes.

D. At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses. E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive. F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.

G. Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.

解析：空格位于段末，前一句说精彩的想法随时会出现，而G项有一个明显的信号词Therefore，可与前文构成合乎逻辑的因果和总结关系，故选G项。

篇章总结句

如果最后一段不是与前面几段并列的要点，而是对整篇文章的总结，空格又位于段末，则极有可能是篇章总结句。此时所填选项要呼应前文主题，并且总结概括，得出结论。

例5（2012年新课标卷）

These steps aren’t magic, but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time, you’ll help yourself feel better even faster. 75

A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.

B. Notice your friends’ feelings and fnd a way to help them.

C. Different people feel stress in different ways. D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone. E. You need to fgure out what the problem is. F. And don’t forget about your friends. G. Then, fnd a way to calm down.

解析：前文介绍了克服压力的四个步骤：获取支持、避免自责、解决问题和保持积极情绪。最后一段说这些措施并不是万能的，但是的确会起作用——可见这是对整个篇章的总结，而空格位于段尾，则此题考查的是篇章总结句。在七个选项中，只有D项是一个概括性的结尾。

小结

在考试中，以上这五种考题类型不一定全部出现，考查较多的是段落主题句和承上启下句。在答题时，我们可以快速浏览全文和选项，做到纵观全局，心中有数，先确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置，然后根据考查类型的特点作答，便可轻松突破。

籍万杰

山东省临沂市费县第一中学高级教师，县模范备课组长、优秀班主任；曾获临沂市人民政府教学成果二等奖、临沂市优秀教学成绩奖、县教学特等奖；指导学生多次获得全国中学生英语能力竞赛一等奖，获山东省优秀教育科研成果一等奖。