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不同血液透析模式对尿毒症患者BNP水平及左心功能的影响

2017-07-18代青邓晓风周莹曹仙娥舒月韦灵

实用检验医师杂志 2017年2期
关键词:灌流维持性尿毒症

代青 邓晓风 周莹 曹仙娥 舒月 韦灵

不同血液透析模式对尿毒症患者BNP水平及左心功能的影响

代青 邓晓风 周莹 曹仙娥 舒月 韦灵

目的 探讨多模式组合透析对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者脑钠肽(BNP)水平及左心功能相关指标的影响。方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选择2015年12月至2016年12月在贵阳市第二人民医院肾内科血液净化中心接受MHD>3个月的慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者120例。将120例患者按随机数字表法分为3组:血液透析(HD)+血液滤过(HF)+血液灌流(HP)组(每月进行8次HD、每月4次HF、每月1次HP),共40例;HD+HF组(每月8次HD、每月1次HF),共40例;HD组(每月8次HD),共40例。所有患者于治疗前后从静脉端采血,分离血清,整批送检,检测3组患者的BNP水平,每半年复检1次。由专人用同一超声心动图仪检测所有患者左心室舒张期末内径(LVDd)、左心室收缩期末内径(LVDs)、左心室舒张期末容积(LVVd)、左心室收缩期末容积(LVVs)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、室间隔厚度(LVST)、舒张早期及晚期最大血流比(E/A)、射血分数(EF),每半年复检1次。结果 120例尿毒症患者经过各种模式组合透析治疗后,体内BNP均有所降低(均P<0.05);BNP降低水平在HD+HF+HP组>HD+HF组>HD组。治疗后,HD+HF+HP组LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST均降低,EF升高(均P<0.05),E/A差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HD+HF组LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST均降低,EF升高(均P<0.05),E/A差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HD组LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs均降低(均P<0.05),LVPWT、LVST、E/A、EF差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。HD+HF+HP组治疗后BNP降低、LVPWT减轻及EF升高较HD+HF组更显著(P<0.05)。结论 多模式组合透析(HD+HF+HP)能有效改善MHD患者左心功能,从而能减少心血管事件发生率、降低患者病死率。

多模式组合透析; 脑钠肽; 心功能

近年来,血液净化技术的发展极为迅速,维持性血液透析(MHD)是终末期肾脏疾病(ESRD)患者主要的治疗方式之一。如何改善患者生存质量、延长生命显得尤为重要。心血管疾病(CVD)是导致ESRD患者死亡的主要原因[1-2]。左心室肥大(LVH)在终末期肾脏疾病维持性血液透析(ESRD-MHD)患者中发病率高,是导致此类患者心律失常、心功能衰竭(心衰)及心源性猝死的独立危险因素[3]。血清脑钠肽(BNP)水平是诊断MHD患者左心功能不全以及血容量负荷增高的一个灵敏指标[4-5]。本研究旨在观察多模式组合透析〔血液透析(HD)+血液滤过(HF)+血液灌流(HP)〕对尿毒症患者BNP水平及左心功能相关指标的影响,并分析可能机制,为MHD患者选择合理治疗方式提供理论依据。

1 研究对象与方法

1.1 研究对象 选择本院2013年6月至2015年10月确诊为慢性肾衰竭MHD(>3月)患者120例,所有患者无急性心衰、急慢性感染、呼吸衰竭(呼衰)及肝功能损害。将患者按随机数字表法分为3组:第1组为HD+HF+HP组(每月进行8次HD+4次HF+1次HP),共40例;第2组为HD+HF组(每月进行8次HD+1次HF),共40例;第3组为HD组(每月进行8次HD),共40例。3组患者年龄、性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),有可比性。见表1。

表1 3组尿毒症患者性别、年龄比较

1.2 透析设备 本院血液净化中心水处理设备为DWA二级反渗系统,分别使用德国费森尤斯4008s透析机,5008s血滤机及FX80聚砜膜透析器(超滤系数44 mL·h-1·mmHg-1,膜面积1.8 m2),FX800聚砜膜透析器(超滤系数63 mL·h-1·mmHg-1,膜面积1.8 m2,爱尔YTS100活性炭灌流器)。

1.3 检测指标及方法 所有患者于治疗前后从静脉端采血,分离血清,整批送检,检测3组患者的BNP水平,同等方法每半年复检1次;BNP采用罗氏411-电化学发光法,试剂购自罗氏公司。由专人用同一超声心动图仪检测所有患者的左心室舒张期末内径(LVDd)、左心室收缩期末内径(LVDs)、左心室舒张末容积(LVVd)、左心室收缩期末容积(LVVs)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、室间隔厚度(LVST)、舒张早期及晚期最大血流比(E/A)、射血分数(EF)。同等方法每半年复检1次。

1.4 统计学方法 用SPSS 13.0进行统计分析。多组计量资料满足正态性及方差齐性的数据间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较用SNK检验,不满足方差齐性的数据组间比较采用Brown-Forsythe分析,两两比较采用Dunnett T3分析,结果以均数±标准差(±s)表示;不符合正态性采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,结果以中位数(四分位数间距)表示,两两比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料的比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 3组间BNP指标比较:治疗后BNP在3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两两比较显示,BNP降低程度在HD+HF+HP组>HD+HF组>HD组。见表2。

表2 3组尿毒症患者治疗前后BNP比较(±s)

表2 3组尿毒症患者治疗前后BNP比较(±s)

注:与HD+HF+HP组比较,aP<0.05

组别例数(例)BNP(μg/L)治疗前治疗后HD+HF+HP组4012.34±7.884.08±2.86 HD+HF组4012.37±7.727.25±4.64 a HD组4012.22±7.487.97±5.36 a

2.2 3组间超声心动图各指标比较:治疗后3组间超声心动图各指标均较治疗前有明显改善(均P<0.05)。两两比较显示:LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST、E/A在第1组<第2组<第3组,EF在第1组>第2组>第3组。其中第1、2组治疗后LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST、E/A均比治疗前有所下降,两组治疗后EF大于治疗前;而第3组治疗后LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。LVPWT、LVST、E/A、EF治疗前后比较均无统计学差异(均P<0.05)。见表3。

3 讨论

ESRD-MHD患者普遍合并高血压,高血压患者心脏压力负荷增加,可使BNP浓度升高,长期严重的压力超负荷可导致左心室肥厚,而左心室肥厚对室壁机械应力的增加及心室顺应性的降低可使左心室充盈受损,进一步刺激BNP的分泌[6]。BNP是由心脏分泌的神经激素,是调节人体体液容量平衡的重要激素,在心室容积增加时分泌增多,其血浆浓度受血容量影响,水钠潴留血容量增加时,BNP释放增加。血浆BNP是心室超负荷(如左室舒张期末压升高)时最敏感和具特异性的指标之一[7-8]。高血压在慢性肾功能不全MHD患者中高发,其中30%为顽固性高血压[9]。这部分患者的高血压治疗仍然以药物为主,但治疗效果有时较差,改变透析方式为血液透析滤过(HDF)和HP也被认为是比较可行的办法。有研究结果显示,无论HD+HP还是HDF,治疗后患者的血压均得到明显改善[10]。慢性肾功能不全出现水钠潴留时,血浆BNP常显著增加。本研究结果表明,BNP的增高与反映左心室结构和功能指标密切相关。本研究数据显示,尿毒症患者经多模式组合透析治疗后,血浆BNP水平较普通透析组明显下降。

表3 3组治疗前后超声心动图各项指标变化比较(±s)

表3 3组治疗前后超声心动图各项指标变化比较(±s)

注:与HD+HF+HP组比较,aP<0.05;与HD+HF组比较,bP<0.05

组别例数(例)LVDd(mm)LVDs(mm)LVVd(mL)LVVs(mL)治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后HD+HF+HP组4052.16±1.4948.25±1.2539.34±0.77 35.21±1.01119.11±6.02101.44±4.4039.79±1.41 35.75±1.52 HD+HF组4052.15±1.45 50.67±1.26a39.37±0.8437.84±0.90a119.15±6.14 109.27±6.47a39.84±1.4537.75±1.70aHD组4052.06±1.3951.69±1.33ab39.42±0.85 38.91±0.83ab119.17±6.00 115.11±5.46ab39.85±1.50 39.48±1.48abF值0.06676.0750.102172.3290.00161.9820.01856.835 P值0.936 0.0000.903 0.0000.999 0.0000.982 0.000组别例数(例)LVPWT(mm)LVST(mm)E/AEF(%)治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后HD+HF+HP组11.19±0.928.26±0.7711.46±0.669.07±0.481.17±0.081.03±0.0549.40±3.74 63.58±3.03 HD+HF组11.24±0.8610.24±0.98 a11.66±0.62 10.47±0.61 a1.15±0.09 1.07±0.06 a 49.98±3.4159.35±3.21 a HD组11.28±0.89 11.22±0.91 ab11.68±0.53 11.60±0.58 ab1.18±0.071.15±0.08 ab50.93±3.3251.20±3.76 ab F值0.114114.4861.725208.0311.34037.4751.945141.223 P值0.892 0.0000.183 0.0000.266 0.0000.148 0.000

CVD是导致ESRD患者死亡的主要原因[1-2],其中MHD患者CVD明显高发[11-13]。

LVH在ESRD-MHD患者发病率高,它是导致此类患者心律失常、心衰及心源性猝死的独立危险因素[3]。MHD患者LVH的发生机制除了由高血压引起的压力负荷和贫血、钠水潴留引起的容量负荷外,尿毒症毒素、营养不良、甲状旁腺激素及慢性炎症反应等也参与其中[14-16]。普通HD能清除相对分子质量<500的物质,而血液灌流器具有纵横交错的微孔结构,可通过物理吸附及疏水集团的相互作用清除大中分子物质[17-19];而多模式组合透析能有效全面清除尿毒症毒素。

本研究结果显示:经HD+HF+HP多模式组合透析治疗后,BNP明显下降,左心室结构和功能也得到明显改善,LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST均降低,EF升高,说明多模式组合透析能改善心血管的结构及功能,降低CVD事件的发生率。

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(本文编辑:李银平)

The effects of different hemodialysis modes on the level of brain natriuretic peptide and the cardiac function related indications in uremic patients

Dai Qing, Deng Xiaofeng, Zhou Ying, Cao Xiane, Shu Yue, Wei Ling. Department of Nephrology, the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China (Dai Q, Deng XF, Zhou Y, Cao XE, Shu Y); Department of Cardiology, the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China (Wei L)

Dai Qing, Email: 2905490342@qq.com

Objective To discuss the effects of muitimodal combination dialysis on the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the cardiac function related indications in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods A prospective study was conducted. One hundred and twenty chronic renal failure patients

over 3 months MHD treatment in Blood Purification Center of Second People's Hospital of Guiyang between December 2015 and December 2016 were enrolled. All the patients were randomly divided into three groups: the first is hemodialysis(HD) and hemofiltration (HF) and hemoperfusion (HP) group,who experienced with HD eight times per month, HF four times per month, and HP one time per month, 40 cases in total; The second is hemodialysis (HD) and hemofiltration (HF) group, who experienced with HD eight times per month and HF one time per month, 40 cases in total; The third is hemodialysis (HD) group, who experienced with HD eight times per month, 40 cases in total; Before and after all the patients had been treated, blood was taken from venous circuit tube, serum was separated, and samples were sent for testing the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The above indexes were tested in a coordinated manner every half a year. The same ultrasound cardiograph were examined by a special personat parasternal the left ventricular long axis view, to test the following metrics: the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). The above indexes were tested in a coordinated manner every half a year. Results There were no significant age and sex differences in three groups. After muitimodal combination dialysis (HD, HF and HP group) treatment, the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in uremic patient's body decreased (P < 0.05). The level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in hemodialysis group decreased (P < 0.05). The level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased more in muitimodal combination dialysis (HD, HF and HP) group than the HD and HF group that decreased more than the HD group. ① Before treatment, no statically difference was found in the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) among three groups (P < 0.05). ② After treatment, in the first group (HD, HF and HP): the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased (P < 0.05); the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI) all decreased (P < 0.05); left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) increased (P < 0.05); early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A) did not differ significantly. In the second group (HD, HF): the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased (P < 0.05); the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI) all decreased (P < 0.05); left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) increased (P < 0.05); early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A) did not differ significantly. In the third group (HD): the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased (P < 0.05); the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs) decreased (P < 0.05); left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A) did not differ significantly; left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI) did not differ significantly; left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) did not differ significantly; after treatment, the BNP decreased, LVPWT reduced and EF increased in the first group were more notable than that of the second group. Conclusion The muitimodal combination dialysis can effectively improve the left cardiac function, which can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events, and reduce the mortality of MHD patients.

Muitimodal combination dialysis; Brain natriuretic peptide; Cardiac function

贵州省贵阳市科技计划项目(筑科合同[20151001]社1号)

550081 贵州贵阳,贵阳市第二人民医院肾病风湿科

代青,Email:237379162@qq.com

10.3969/j.issn.1674-7151.2017.02.017

2017-04-28)

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