哈尔登监狱，哈尔登，挪威

建筑设计：HLM建筑事务所

哈尔登监狱，哈尔登，挪威

建筑设计：HLM建筑事务所

1 外景/Exterior view

哈尔登监狱坐落在连绵起伏之地，位于山脊和裸露的岩层间，荫蔽在参天松树下。监狱的主要功能由几栋大楼划分而开，分散在一片约30hm2的区域内。行政部门、运送区和公共大楼等核心功能的布局类似于90o坐标网，令人回想起高中或大学校园。犯人的牢房楼布局则与此类坐标网有所不同，依地势而建。关押长期服刑人员的牢房楼与监狱内其余建筑略微分离，隐藏在岩石和植被的后方。

监狱四周筑起的围墙与监狱楼暗示着犯人已失去自由以及与外界的联系，然而，监狱里的服刑也是为了帮助囚犯走上积极正确的道路。哈尔登监狱的建筑直截了当地指明徒刑的意义所在——每栋监舍楼和活动楼都可清楚地看见围墙。尽管如此，由于该墙依地势而建，所以人们无法从地面上看到完整的围墙。

正如其他监狱楼群一样，牢房楼的整体形象中规中矩，但固体材料的完美应用使牢房和居住区的风格变得简约且极具美感。窗外的周边自然景观也与此风格相得益彰。

哈尔登监狱的设计自然流畅、恰当得体。作为参观者，人们可以感受到建筑师对于这种简单的设计方案充满了自信。同时，这也表明清楚的结构能带来良好的建筑体验及居住品质。这些都体现在R度恰到好处且自然的室外空间上——活动配楼间的空间：远处的山脊似乎扮演了该空间的“第四墙”。哈尔登监狱的多个区域均可一眼贯穿大楼，因此后面的建筑也清晰可见。监狱楼群内的走廊相当宽敞，几乎与室外大楼间的维度相同，让人感觉走廊就如街道一般附着额外的功能与房间——简单巧妙地将外部空间与内部空间相连。

从牢房到“静思室”，围墙和自然景观均可尽收眼底。这时刻提醒着犯人他们在被监禁的同时也在亲近自然，为囚犯提供了关于服刑的不同视角。

哈尔登监狱楼群的设计解决了一项重要的社会任务：让服刑人员清楚地认识到自身处境。不论是宏观层面还是微观层面，它都让人们感觉到安顿稳定。哈尔登监狱低调全面地展示出自己的建筑特性——未有丝毫吝啬。

建筑师们采用了多种不同的建筑方案来实现惩罚与幸福感间的完美平衡：也是悲观与乐观之间难以达成的平衡。哈尔登监狱是关押囚犯的理想之地；但当刑满时，这里也非流连之地。（王单单 译）

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: Statsbygg

主持建筑师/Principal Architects: HLM arkitektur AS, Norway

主要合作单位/Principal Cooperator: EMA AS, Denmark

设计团队/Design Team: Per Højgaard Nielsen, Gudrun Molden, Ragnvald Winjum, Tina Larsen, Dag Bjerk (HLM arkitektur AS); Hans Henrik Høilund, Arne Vejbæk, Rikke Hansen, Perder Elgård, Harald Thornvald (EMA AS)

设计合作/Other Design Partners:

室内设计/Interior Design: Beate Ellingsen, Kaja Geiran, Diana Kourennagia (Beate Ellingsen AS)

景观设计/Landscaping Architect: Anna Wathne, Knut Hellås, Margit Opsahl (Asplan VIAK Bergen AS)

技术设计/Technical Design: Structural, 结构、构造与项目管理/Construction and Project Administration: Trond Ellingsen, Jørn Lindgren (A.L. Høyer AS); 供暖、水及卫生设备/Heating, Water and Sanitation: Otto Bjørge (Erichsen og Horgen AS); 电气/Electrical: Erik Glørsen, Johnny Åmodt (Malnes & Endresen AS)

总面积/Gross Area: 27,500m2

材料/Materials: 砌块、木材、钢/Masonry, wood and steel造价/Cost: ca. €140,000,000 (2010)

设计时间/Design Period: 2003-2010

建成时间/Completion Time: 2010

摄影/Photos: HLM arkitektur AS, EMA AS

Halden Prison is situated in an undulating landscape between mountain-ridges, outcrops and under large pine trees. The prison's main functions are divided between several buildings which are spread about in an area of about 30 hectares. Central functions like administration, delivery area and common building follow a layout that resembles a 90-degree grid system, and are organised in a way which is reminiscent of a high school or university campus. The prison inmate's cell buildings do not lie according to this grid system but instead follow more the landscape's direction. The longterm prisoner's cell building has been placed a little more removed from the rest of the prison complex buildings and is more hidden behind rocks and vegetation.

The prison wall that surrounds the prison and the buildings themselves indicates to the prisoner that freedom and contact with the rest of the world has been removed. However, spending time in the prison is also meant to help the inmates to develop in a positive direction. The architecture of Halden Prison makes visible in a straightforward way what the purpose of a prison sentence is. It makes the perimeter wall clearly visible from each cell building and activity building. However, this wall is not visible in its completeness from ground level because of the way the wall follows the topography of the site.

The cell buildings have, like the rest of the complex, an institutional and strict quality, but the prison cells and the dwelling areas have a simplicity and beauty that comes from the clear use of solid materials. Combined with this are vistas to the natural surroundings outside.

2.3 内景/Interior views

4.5 外景/Exterior views

6 总平面/Site plan

Halden Prison has been designed in a surefooted and unaffected way. As a visitor, one experiences that the architect has had the confidence to come up with an uncomplicated design solution showing that clear composition gives good architectural experiences and dwelling qualities. This shows up in the uncomplicated and welldimensioned exterior spaces that lie in the spaces between the wings of the activity building, here the hill ridges in the distance seems to create a "fourth wall" to the space. In many parts of Halden Prison one can see all the way through the building so that the building beyond it is visible. The corridors in the complex are wide enough that they are almost the same dimension as the outside space between the buildings. This gives the user the impression that corridors have a street-like quality with additional functions and rooms connected to it. This is an intelligent and simple way of connecting the exterior and the interior spaces together.

From the prison cell to the "contemplation room" views of both the perimeter wall and of nature are always visible. In this way one is always reminded that one is incarcerated whilst at the same time close to nature. This offers the inmate a different perspective on what it means to be in prison.

The Halden complex gives a clear answer to an important task of society. It explains clearly to the inmate the situation that he has found himself in. Halden Prison evokes solidity and security, both on macro scale and all the way down to details. The qualities it displays are those of modesty and thoroughness, which it achieves - but never in a miserly manner.

The architect has used a varied amount of architectural solutions to achieve a successful balance between punishment and the evoking a feeling of well-being - the difficult balance between the pessimistic and the optimistic. It is a good place to be whilst one is there but it is also a good place to leave when that when that time has come.

7.8 外景/Exterior views

9.10 内景/Interior views

评论

贾冬婷：囚禁的目的是什么？自由的意义又是什么？哈尔登监狱引发我们对这些命题的思考。监狱的功能，当然首先是约束罪犯，这种约束往往是通过有形的和无形的“墙”去实现的。但是，囚禁的最终目的还是让罪犯有机会走出围墙，重返社会。有没有可能以一种更积极的方式去实现呢？如果让罪犯感受到囚禁中的尊严、束缚中的自由、坚硬中的温情、人工中的自然，是不是更能激发他们心中善的一面？这一设计基于挪威社会的基督教价值观，也基于挪威社会对大自然积极影响的坚定信念。这不禁让人想起陀思妥耶夫斯基在其名著《罪与罚》中的论断：“一个社会的文明程度可以通过进入监狱来判断。”

佘依爽：光看操场，还以为是一个学校，直到结实的隔离门、厚实的围墙的出现才显示出一个监狱应该有的构成。监狱时光在这里就是一个漫长的度假。悲伤与希望能在这里得到转化，无论是结构建筑的冷静还是艺术、自然景象的抚慰，监狱给予居住者基于有限人权的尊重，营造出独特的生活氛围。在这里，跟随地形变化的自然景观给人以最大程度的平衡感受。

11 外景/Exterior view

12 内景/Interior view

Comment

JIA Dongting: What is the purpose of imprisonment and what is the meaning of freedom? The project of Halden Prison has led us to reflect on these questions.The chief function of a prison, certainly, is to imprison criminals. Tangible and intangible "walls" often form such imprisonment. Yet, the ultimate aim of a prison is to offer an opportunity for the convicts to walk out of those walls and help them to return to society. But could there not be a more positive approach to achieve such an aim? If those convicts could be treated with dignity and given a sense of freedom during their sentence, able to experience a feeling of warmth in the cold prison, as well as being provided contact with nature in the artificial environment of the jail - could the good in them not be encouraged to flourish? The design of Halden Prison is influenced by Christian values, and Norwegians' strong faith in the positive effect of interacting with the natural environment. This calls to mind the sentiment in Crime and Punishment: "The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons". (Translated by Dandan Wang)

13-16 内景/Interior views

SHE Yishuang: At first sight of the playground, I thought it was a school. Until I saw the solid division door and robust prison wall, I began to realise that it bears the composition of a prison. Prison time here is like a long vacation. Sorrow and hope are interwined and can be transformed. Through the peaceful construction and the comfortable art and natural scene, the prison provides the inmates a respect based on the most basic human rights, creating a unique living atmosphere. Here, the natural landscape that follows the topography of the site gives us the greatest sense of balance. (Translated by QI Yiyi)

Halden Prison, Halden, Norway, 2010

Architects: HLM arkitektur AS