挪威——建筑中的通用设计

翁妮·艾克奥格/Onny Eikhaug

华杨 译/Translated by HUA Yang

挪威
——建筑中的通用设计

翁妮·艾克奥格/Onny Eikhaug

华杨 译/Translated by HUA Yang

通用设计，是指在不做特殊化的适应调整和专门化的针对设计的前提下，产品、服务以及环境设计能够最大程度地被所有人使用。早在2005年，挪威16个部门基于政府对挪威的愿景达成了一项行动计划，旨在将挪威变成一个人人机会均等的社会。作为众多措施的其中一项，通用设计创新奖的创立，是对那些开发出兼具创新性和包容性产品、服务、环境的设计师的褒奖。本文中介绍了3个获奖项目。

通用设计，包容性社会，平等性，参与性，领先用户，挪威政府通用设计行动计划，通用设计创新奖，挪威设计与建筑中心

1 挪威——福利国家

挪威被认为是一个福利国家，有一个基于平等和包容理想的社会治理模式。这一治理模式被经济学家称为“北欧模式”——由一个强有力的公共部门和一个具有生产力和盈利能力的私营部门相联系而组成的一个稳定的经济体系。在此模式下，人人都拥有强大立足点。北欧模式不仅保障人权和平等的基本需要，更进一步使许多想法和理念都殊途同归，这种治理模式终将发展成为一种通用的设计手段。

2 通用设计

通用设计——亦被称为包容性设计和全民设计，由挪威政府定义为“产品、服务以及环境设计的存在方式是能够使其最大程度地被所有人使用而并不需要去适应需求或者作专门化的设计”。这是关于平等参与的设计，不会因性别、年龄、能力、种族或文化背景而有所差异，也不会有特定的团体受到歧视。此外，一个通用的设计方法不仅是在功能上予以满足，更在美学、情感中达到共鸣。

通用设计是以多样化的用户群体的不同需求为重点，在设计和开发过程中，根据年龄、性别、能力和文化背景引导用户。此外，在整个过程中，各式的研究技术被应用于了解用户和利益相关者的需求和观点，以确保视觉、听觉、触觉、认知和机动性问题均有被关注涉及。同时，不仅要关注人们的基本需要，更要包括他们的希冀、愿望和梦想。这些重要的方面激发和挑战着设计师和建筑师，同时为两者提供新的见解和愿景，激发他们的创造力和创新力。21世纪，通用设计在与人交往过程中是一种更为成功并行之有效的方式，其将成为一项重要的设计流派。由此产生的最终解决方案将更有创造性、新颖性以及易用性。为企业和公共部门既定的挑战带来新的思路，这将会有助于建立一个更美好、更持续和更包容的社会。

3 政府焦点：《通用设计行动计划》

通用设计建立在平等的原则上，这也是北欧模式治理的核心。早在2005年，挪威的16个部门基于政府对挪威的愿景达成了一项有约束力的行动计划——在2025年使挪威成为通用设计之国。一个显得雄心勃勃却不无可能的愿景，使人人在社会中都具有平等的机会，去接触物质环境、交通、信息、通信以及向公众开放的其他福利和服务。

从中央部委到当地政府，各层级展开了跨部门合作以确保能有一个统筹兼顾的方式，通过经济手段以及对通用设计活动和政策的奖励，达到2025年里程碑式的目标。立法已经发生了根本性的变化，为预防可能出现的困难，并消除现有的障碍，立法也一直是要求引进通用设计作为相关教育、交通、建筑环境、医疗保健和信息技术的重要力量。

《反歧视和无障碍法》是一个影响着私营和公共部门的法案，并加强了其他所有法律法规的基础。总之，所有为公众提供商品和服务的人都应为确保其通用性而积极努力。加强反歧视法律的保护体现在无论是公有还是私有的用工单位都必须确保提供平等的就业机会。

在立法所产生的深远影响中，建筑和室外空间占据其中一面。但如果这些新的法律会增加用户成本或者降低入住机会，那么这一转变将很难从一些批评家那里获得首肯。当然，现有的案例和进行中的经济研究证明不会发生上述情况。通用设计方案实际可以为修建建筑的政府或组织以及使用他们的人群提供远不止节省成本那么简单的益处。事实上，通用设计被证明是一个有效的创新策略，利于社会、企业和公民。

在该《行动计划》中，从2009年开始，所有的新建建筑必须进行通用设计；截止至2010年，地方政府通过共同努力建立起一套全新的建筑与规划法则。所有公共建筑将在2025年完成全面升级，预留充足的时间是考虑到尽可能全面地去完成规划和设计。

该《行动计划》将通用设计置于国家可持续发展战略中，在第一个5年计划中有超多200个项目和活动。到目前为止，许多领域已经获得了大量的经验方法、调整策略以及一些法规制度。实践通用设计是学习，是一个持续不断的从做中学的过程，建立在分享新的证据和经验的基础上。在2015年，第三次《行动计划》推出新的目标和办法，在里程碑计划中跟进现有的活动和措施。儿童与平权部门（挪威16部委之一）协调《行动计划》，在2010，挪威设计和建筑中心被授予一项任务——建立促进和展示通用设计价值奖项。

4 通用设计创新奖

1 Norway: a welfare state

Norway can be described as a welfare state with a social model of governance based on ideals of equality and inclusion. This system is described by what economists call the Nordic model - a stable economy where a strong public sector is combined with a productive and profitable private sector. A society where participation for all has a strong foothold. The Nordic Model goes beyond the provision of basic needs to protect human rights and ensuring equality, this system of governance is particularly able to grow a Universal Design approach as many of the ideas and the ideals are the same.

2 Universal design

Universal design, also known as Inclusive Design or Design for All, is by the Norwegian government defined as the "design of products and environments in such a way that they can be used by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design". It is about participation on equal terms, no matter gender, age, ability, ethnicity or cultural background, without stigmatizing any particular group of individuals. Furthermore, a universal design approach is not only about function but aesthetics, emotions and empathy too.

Universal design means focusing on human diversity involving a variety of users; lead users, based on age, gender, abilities and cultural background, in the design and development process. Also, a great variety of research techniques is applied to understand the users' and stakeholders' needs and perspectives throughout the whole process, to be sure to discover visual, audio, tactile, cognition and mobility issues. However, not only to focus on people's basic needs - but also their hopes, aspirations and dreams. These important aspects inspire and challenge designers and architects, and provide new insights and visions - fuelling creativity and driving innovation. Universal Design is a more successful and proven way of engaging with people and is set to become an important design movement in the 21st century. The resulting solutions can be more creative, innovative and user-friendly and brings new thinking to familiar challenges within business and public sector that will contribute to a better, more sustainable and inclusive society.

3 A government focus: the Action Plan for Universal Design

Universal design is founded on the principle of equality that is central to the Nordic Model of Governance. In 2005, 16 Norwegian ministries agreed on a binding action plan based on the government's vision for Norway to be universally designed by 2025. An ambitious, but possible vision where all people have the same opportunities to participate in the society on equal terms. Everyone will have access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, as well as other offers and services open to the public.

A cross-sector collaboration from government ministries all the way down to local municipalities make sure that there is an integrated approach with economic measures and milestone plans up to 2025 that reward universal design activities and policies. Legislation has been radically evolved to prevent future barriers and remove existing ones, and has been a key force in introducing universal design as a requirement, relevant for education, transportation, built environment, health care and information technology.

One Act, the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act influences both the private and public sector, and underpins all other regulations.

Basically, this says that all providers of goods and services offered to the public should make active efforts to ensure universal design. Legal protection against discrimination is strengthened and public and private employers have to ensure equal opportunity.

One area where the legislation has had a farreaching effect is buildings and outdoor spaces. It has been a challenge to introduce the shift with some critics assuming that these new regulations will increase costs and reduce access to housing for some groups. However, existing examples and ongoing economic studies prove this to be wrong. Universally designed solutions can actually save money and the benefits outweigh the costs on many levels - for the organisations or government that build the buildings as well as for the people who use them. In fact, universal design proves to be an effective innovation strategy that benefits society, business and the citizens.

The Action Plan stated that all new buildings have to be universally designed from 2009 and 2010 was the deadline for local authorities to work together to establish guidance for a new Building and Planning Act. Every public building will have to be upgraded by 2025, giving a long lead-time for sufficient planning and design to take place.

The Action Plan places universal design within the national sustainability strategy and the first 5-year plan had more than 200 programmes and activities within it. A lot has so far been achieved in many areas with a lot of learnings, adjusting the approach as well as some regulations. Practising universal design is learning by doing and a continuous process progressing the field, based on sharing new evidence and experience. In 2015, the third Action Plan was launched with new goals and measures, following up on the ongoing activities and measures in the milestone plans. The Ministry of Children and Equality coordinates the Action plan and in 2010 the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture (now Design and Architecture Norway) was given the task to establish an award to promote and demonstrate the value of Universal Design.

4 The Innovation Award for Universal Design

The Innovation award for Universal Design was established to honour companies, institutions, architects and designers who have developed innovative solutions for the benefit of everyone. It is one important measure raising awareness and communicating the value of Universal Design; that it is both profitable and effective on a commercial, public and social level. Since the launch in 2011 - there are many extraordinary projects that has received the award within 8 categories of design and architecture. The Innovation Award is very effective busting many of the myths that sometimes are connected to the notion of Universal Design - like it being expensive, time consuming, only for special groups, not focusing on aesthetics and restricting creativity. However, all these lighthouse projects tell another story and here are presented some examples from the winners in the categories of landscape architecture, architecture and transportation that can both inspire and increase the knowledge about universally designed solutions and the extraordinary results they entail.

通用设计创新奖的创立是为了表彰公司、机构、建筑师和设计师提出创造性的解决方案，以便使每个人都能从中获益。在经济、公众以及社会层面上达到社会效益和经济利益并存的双赢局面，是提高认知和有效传播通用设计价值的重要手段。自2011年创立以来，许多别具一格的项目已分别在其开设的8个不同的设计和建筑板块中展获殊荣。创新奖打破了许多神话，有些还打破了传统的创新概念，例如价格昂贵、耗时漫长、只针对特殊群体、不注重审美感受以及并非独创等。那些如同灯塔般的标志性项目截然不同，这里将从景观设计、建筑和交通板块中举例，这些出色的成果展示了其激励和增加通用设计认识的效果。

5 项目

5.1 奥斯陆机场斯堪迪克酒店

在激烈的市场竞争下，一个新的机场酒店如何通过通用设计来凸显自己？

斯堪迪克连锁酒店，在欧洲拥有超过200家分店，其采用通用设计的目的是为了更长远的发展，这不仅仅是增量的改进措施，更能够建立一种领导地位和展示其商业价值。当奥斯陆国际机场规划新建一家酒店时，他们想创造一个让每一位客人都感到满意的大楼，使其尽可能地具有包容性。这个过程需要与很多不同的角色进行零距离对话，他们包括各类建筑设计师、业主及承包商。

5.1.1 历程

他们将使用人群作为关键的顾问。挪威哮喘和过敏协会、残疾人协会也参与其中，发表意见和分享专业知识。使用抗过敏的材料，连自助餐中的致敏食物也有明确标注，在所有的空间中保持良好的通风，以确保新酒店的所有设施适用于哮喘或过敏人群。该方案也促进了良好的清洁习惯，最大限度地减少了清洁剂的使用。以上所有都是斯堪迪克酒店无障碍设计标准中的一部分，与当时的93个事项清单一一对照，确保适合所有人。据克罗克-谢德事务所的室内建筑师约翰娜·韦斯特林称，酒店设计是一个复杂的过程，不仅要求很多参与者能够保持密切和持续的沟通，也要求项目管理者能够着眼于细节。由于涉及一系列细节问题，所以指导、解释、聆听和提问变得至关重要，通过简单的沟通，很多信息被一再重复。可能这才是我们真正的工作，也是我们成功的主要原因之一。

5.1.2 结论

奥斯陆机场斯堪迪克酒店是一个时尚和现代的酒店，根据通用设计原则创建了精彩的细节和康乐的氛围。这些因素都被融入了建筑的设计和建造之中，而不是被视为一项附加的因素。客人可以享受精心设计的家具和室内装饰，也包括隔声减噪的墙面和简单易寻的路线。该建筑的设计能满足过敏患者、哮喘患者，以及视力、听力或行动等有缺陷的人的需要。整个酒店畅通无阻，光线充足，房间不铺设地毯，柜台适应性强，床铺可以调节，感应回路和警报器通过灯光、声音和振动予以提示，以上也仅仅是列举了少量的通用设计的例子。

员工也享受着更好的工作环境。在一个创新型的商业构想里，酒店的设计集功能性和精巧性于一身，给生活带来一种全局化的视野。因此，在竞争激烈的观光旅游业中，奥斯陆机场斯堪迪克酒店脱颖而出，被视作行业内通用设计的旗舰。当时，用酒店经理文德尔·霍尔德纳的话来说，“对以后来说，这并非盲目投资；未来几个世纪，我们的酒店将继续经营，证明与我们所能预期的回报相比，在通用设计上的投资其实相对很少。”

对于一些客人来说，酒店采取的通用设计方案不可或缺；而对于另一些客人来说，这也丰富了他们入住酒店的体验。所以说通用设计的核心就是对某些人必不可少，同时让其他人均能获益。

优胜奖、家具和室内设计类别优胜奖：2011通用设计创新奖，由挪威设计和建筑中心代表挪威儿童、平权和社会融合事务部主办。

5.2 圣奥拉夫医院

一个综合型医院如何将自然、城市、员工和病患联结起来？

1995年，征集新建医院方案的国际比赛在特隆赫姆宣布举行。当业主Helsebygg Midt-Norge公司征集设计时，将关注重点集中在了考虑病人的需求上。

5.2.1 历程

在最初阶段，通用设计理念和基本原则从设计伊始就贯穿其中，参与医院设计的各类建筑师和设计师都遵循这一原则，参与其中的患者及其家属、不同的使用者和医院员工也是如此。初出的用户调查显示大多数的病患群体主要有3个愿望：隐私保护、医护人员的可见与可及、探访便捷。设计的各个阶段都强调了人性化，整个医疗区向邻里开放。景观设计师从病患的视角出发，进行有助于他们治疗和康复的景观设计。注重触感、色彩和使用天然材质，艺术处理手法也经过反复斟酌。

5.2.2 结论

圣奥拉夫医院布局使得它能够与城市相互融合。它由各自独立的新老建筑组成，沿着进入特隆赫姆的主路形成了一个独特的区域。这个区域同时成为一个公共交通枢纽，使城市、郊区、尼代尔瓦河、

1-3 奥斯陆机场斯堪迪克酒店/Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel（图片来源/Courtesy: Design and Architecture Norway）

5 Projects

5.1 Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel

How can a new airport hotel distinguish itself in a competitive market using universal design?

The Scandic Hotel chain, with more than 200 hotels in Europe, aims to go further when it comes to universal design, which is not only used for incremental improvement, but also to help establish a leadership position and demonstrate business value. When planning a new hotel at Oslo's international airport, they wanted to create a building where every single guest would feel welcome and aimed to make this as inclusive as possible. The process required close dialogue between many different partners, including the various civil architects, the property owners and the contractors.

5.1.1 About the process

They also worked with user groups as key consultants. The Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association and the Norwegian Association of Disabled were involved, amongst others, giving input and sharing expertise. The materials used are allergy-friendly, the buffet is clearly allergy-labelled and there is good ventilation in all rooms, ensuring that the new hotel facilities are also suitable for people with asthma or allergies. The solutions also facilitate good cleaning practices, which minimises the use of cleaning agents. All of these solutions are part of Scandic's own accessibility standard, with (at the time) a 93-point checklist to ensure inclusion of everyone. According to one of the interior architects, Johanna Vestlin of Krook & Tjäder, realising the hotel was a comprehensive process. It required the many participants to maintain a close and continuous dialogue, as well as a project management with an eye for detail. Due to the amount of detail involved, it was extremely important to instruct, explain, listen and ask questions and have information repeated again and again - to quite simply communicate. That was something we really worked at, and perhaps one of the main reasons why we succeeded so well.

5.1.2 Outcome

4.5 圣奥拉夫医院/St. Olav's Hospital（图片来源/Courtesy: Design and Architecture Norway）

The Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel is a chic and modern hotel with exciting details and a healthy atmosphere that is built according to universal design principles. These were integrated into the creation and execution of the building, and were not treated as an "add-on". Guests can enjoy wellthought-out solutions for furniture and interiors, from acoustic walls and to easy wayfinding. The building has been designed to cater for the needs of allergy sufferers, those with asthma and people with impaired vision, hearing or mobility. There is easy access throughout the hotel, excellent lighting, carpet-free rooms, adaptable counters, adjustable beds, induction loops and alarms that alert you with light, sound and vibration, to name just a few of the integrated solutions.

The staff also enjoy a better working environment. The hotel's functional and attractive design brings universal ideas to life in an innovative business idea. As a result, the hotel has gained competitive advantages in a highly competitive business field and is regarded a flagship for universal design in the tourism industry. Other more unpredictable results were lower costs for logistics and reduced sick leave among the personnel. According to the hotel manager at the time, Wendel Holdener, "it was a conscious investment in the future; our hotel may still be standing here for centuries to come, so our investment in universal design costs relatively little compared with all we can expect to receive in return."

Whilst the solutions in the hotel are absolutely essential for some people, they also enrich the experience for all the other guests. This is the core of universal design - what is essential for some can be good for everyone.

Main Winner and winner of the category Furniture and Interior Design: Innovation Award for Universal Design 2011, organised by the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

5.2 St. Olav's hospital

How can a universally developed hospital bring nature, city, employees and patients together?

An international competition relating to the construction of the new hospital in Trondheim was announced in 1995. When Helsebygg Midt-Norge ordered the hospital, it was important that the focus would be on the patients' needs.

5.2.1 About the process

The idea of Universal design and a guide with fundamental principles throughout the process were established at the earliest stage. These principles were followed in the collaboration with various architects and designers who worked on the hospital. User involvement of patients and their families, as well as different user organisations and employees, was emphasised from day one and throughout the whole process. The initial user survey that was carried out with representatives of large patient groups revealed three main desires: privacy, visible and available personnel, and accessibility. Universal design was emphasised at all stages, making the entire medical district open to the neighbourhood. Landscape architects adopted the patients' perspective by designing surroundings that enable treatment and rehabilitation. There was also great focus on tactility, natural materials, colour and, in particular, an extensive and well-considered art programme.

5.2.2 Outcome

The layout of St. Olav's Hospital allows it to be integrated with the city. It consists of standalone new and old buildings that form a distinct district along one of the main routes into Trondheim. The area is also a hub for public transport and brings together the city, the countryside, the Nidelva River, the hospital and the urban surroundings into one large space.

An inclusive approach to design in the city also gives environmental benefits, since it becomes easier for pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users医院以及环境浑然一体

6-8 卑尔根轻轨/Bergen Light Rail（图片来源/Courtesy: Design and Architecture Norway）

包容性的设计为城市带来了环境效益，它使步行的人、骑车的人以及乘坐公交的人都能够轻而易举地抵达医院。最重要的是，处于中心地段意味着它也更接近那些需要经常使用到医院的其他公共服务。

与许多其他公共建筑一样，医院给人一种庞大而陌生的感觉——无菌的病房、复杂的空间、错综的楼层。圣奥拉夫医院则明显不同，优雅的卷翘让自然的光线从四面八方倾泻入室内。

建筑中强调了透明性，以获得融入自然的感觉。在室内，视线是连续的，并且能够与室外相互交流。使人能够感知到身在何处，日光和自然视线可以帮助定位。

此外，所有没有特殊卫生或操作要求的房间被视作普通房间进行设计，这样通常医院带给人们的紧张感得到了缓解。医院设计必须严格遵循其功能需求，与此同时，建筑应该达到其他建筑所能达到的人性化的环境条件。

多达2350个部件被要求关注其触感、色彩、材质，并反复斟酌其恰当的艺术处理手法，考虑不同用户群体的意见做出恰如其分的选择。

医院只提供单人病房，每个病区中的8个房间均有门通向中央工作站。这个设计结合了建筑和组织的考虑，给病患和员工更多的保障。这样的设计使病患有更高质量睡眠的同时，员工也能更方便地照顾全局。病人、家属、医学院生、医院员工满意度高，医院本身也成为市民的聚集地。新医院自2010年开业以来获得了广泛的国际赞誉，并因其新颖的构建获得了诸多奖项，将自然、城市、医护人员和病患融为一体，形成了非传统的环境气氛，很好地证明了通用设计可以使每个人从中获益。

优胜奖、建筑和景观建筑类别优胜奖： 2014通用设计创新奖，由挪威设计和建筑中心代表挪威儿童、平权和社会融合事务部主办。

5.3 卑尔根市轻轨

通用设计是如何使贯通整个城市的交通既简便又可达？

从2006年开始，卑尔根计划修建一条轻轨，通用设计并没有作为强制条件被提出。当时的指导方针大致是基于不同使用群体的经验，在项目进行过程中制定详细计划书。为了达成此目的，通用设计自此被应用于指导整个设计理念。

5.3.1 历程

与使用群体的合作；挪威残疾人协会（FFO）在早期即已成立，设计团队向他们展示图纸并讨论想法。这一合作启发了许多解决问题的新思路。测试期间，FFO的代表参加了检查和评估的一部分。整个过程中，优先考虑的是与所有人都息息相关的直接设计，而并非创建针对特殊目标群体的其他方案。

Bybanen Utbygging轻轨集团委任一位管理组的成员通观全局，全过程持续考量设计的各个方面，管理层能够协调各个组成部分和多数子项目是该项目的特点，当然也带来了很多挑战。

挑战之一即是因为不同角色、不同民族的群体共同参与和实施项目导致的大量衔接问题。该轨道长度（在那时候）超过10km，桅杆位置、照明、载流电缆、列车信号、道路信号、水和电力管道等一系列问题均需纳入考虑范畴。

5.3.2 结论

卑尔根市轻轨是世界上第一个全方位采用通用设计的公共交通系统，是二战后最成功的城市规划项目之一。它使每个人在城市中生活便捷，其客运量的增长速度已超出预期。卑尔根市轻轨相当成功，尽管通用设计在其中的表现不易察觉，但并不妨碍大家都觉得轻轨系统使用起来极其便捷。

的确，城市环境混杂。通过一种非常简单的视觉语言——渗透的理念和演化来规避视觉上的干扰。这个理念唤起使用者的信赖，为他们提供一种从容不迫的享受，如此他们便可更为专注于本身的诉求。直观的路径是保障的一部分。橙色标记便于辨识。波浪形的轻轨图案设计也为了便于辨识——它包括在6个子项目里：标记、图形、制服、车站符号、景观建筑和车厢。

有轨电车的舒适性降低了使用人群出行的门槛，否则他们会认为出行难以实现。同时，也为那些喜欢尝试不同交通工具的新用户开辟了另外一种渠道。卑尔根轻轨现在已有很高的社会地位，轻轨已经成为不同邻里空间的人相互联系的首选方式，同时也为不同年龄、不同能力的人群提供生活的便捷。

交通设计类别优胜奖：2014通用设计创新奖，由挪威设计和建筑中心代表挪威儿童、平权和社会融合事务部主办。

/References

[1] Design and Architecture Norway, http://www.doga.no

[2] The Government's Action Plan for Universal Design, Ministry of Children and Equality, http://www. government.no

[3] Eikhaug O, Gheerawo R, et al. Innovating with People - The Business of Inclusive Design.2010. http:// www.innovatingwithpeople.netto get to the hospital. Not least, the central location means that it is close to other public services that are also often used by the hospital.

As with many other public buildings, hospitals can come across as large and unfamiliar, with sterile décor and a complex layout of spaces and floors. St. Olavs Hospital markedly differs, with gracious volumes that allow natural daylight to enter from all directions. There is an emphasis on transparency, to achieve a feeling of nature, and once inside a building you can see continuity, and contact with the outdoors. You know immediately where you are, and can orient yourself using daylight and the natural views.

In addition, all rooms that are not subject to special requirements for hygiene or operations have been designed as completely normal rooms so that associations to a sterile hospital environment are alleviated. Hospital design involves stringent requirements for functionality, whilst at the same time the buildings must satisfy the need for a more human environment typically found in other buildings.

A great deal of emphasis was put on tactility, natural materials, colour and in particular on an extensive and well-considered art programme, comprising around 2350 pieces. These were selected taking the views of various user groups into consideration.

The hospital has only single rooms, eight in each ward which all have doors that open onto a central personnel workstation area. The concept combines architectural and organisational considerations, and gives increased security for both patients and personnel. This has resulted in better sleep for the patients and a better overview for the employees.The level of satisfaction is high among patients and their families, and medical students and employees, and the hospital has become an attractive gathering place for the citizens as well. The new hospital opened in 2010 and has since received international acclaim and won several awards for its innovative architecture, which brings the nature, the city, employees and patients together in an untraditional atmosphere. It is a great example of how universal design can benefit everyone.

Main winner and winner of the categories for Architecture & Landscape Architecture: Innovation Award for Universal Design 2014, organised by the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

5.3 Bergen Light Rail

How can transportation be easy and accessible for an entire city by using Universal design?

When the planning of a new light railway in Bergen began in 2006, Universal design was not stated as a requirement. The existing guidelines were broadly based, so that specifications had to be worked out during the process, based on experience from various user groups. In order to achieve this, Universal design was set as a guiding philosophy throughout the process, right from the start.

5.3.1 About the process

Collaboration with the users; the Norwegian Federation of Organizations of Disabled People (FFO) was established at an early stage and the design team showed them drawings and discussed the ideas with them. This collaboration inspired many new solutions. Representatives from FFO also took part in inspections and evaluations during the test period. Throughout the process, it was important to give priority to intuitive design that is relevant for everyone and not to create solutions for special target groups.

Bybanen Utbygging designated one member of the management group at an early stage as the person to see and understand the overall picture, and consider design aspects throughout the process.

A special feature of this project is that the management was able to coordinate all the components and the many subprojects, which, however, came with many challenges. One of these was the large amount of interfacing due to the many actors involved in the project planning and the many nationalities carrying out the projects.The track was (at the time) more than 10 kilometres long and required consideration of mast locations, illumination, current-carrying cables, train signalling, road signalling, water and electricity conduits, just to mention some of the issues.

5.3.2 Outcome

Bergen Light Rail is the first public transport system in Norway that utilises universal design at all levels and is one of the most successful urban planning projects after the Second World War. It has made the city accessible for everyone, and passenger numbers have grown more rapidly than expected. Bergen Light Rail has succeeded, however, primarily because it uses universal design in a way that is barely noticeable, other than that everyone finds the system extremely easy to use.

Urban environments are sufficiently chaotic as they are. Visual noise is avoided by using a very simple visual language, with one permeating idea and development. The concept is to inspire trust and provide a sense of calm for the users, so they can concentrate on what they need to.Intuitive wayfinding is part of the security. The signature colour is orange, which is easy to recognise. The wave pattern of the light railway is also easy to recognise, and it is included in six subprojects: trade-marked items, graphic profile, uniforms, elements at tram stops, landscape architecture and carriages.

The comfort of the trams ensures that the threshold is low for people who might otherwise find travelling difficult, and it opens up the system for new users who might otherwise prefer different means of transport.

Bergen Light Rail has now achieved a high social status, and in this way become the preferred method of transport for a large number of people connecting people in the various neighbourhood and making the city accessible for everyone no matter age or ability.

Category Winner, Transport Design: Innovation Award for Universal Design 2014, organised by the Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

设计机构/Credits

奥斯陆机场斯堪迪克酒店/Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel: Scandic Oslo Airport Hotel, Utstillingsplassen Eiendom AS, Arkitektarna Krook & Tjäder, Narud Stokke Wiig Sivilarkitekter AS, TUPELO arkitektur （建筑设计/ Architects）, the Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association and the Norwegian Association of Disabled（顾问/ Consultants）

圣奥拉夫医院/St. Olav's hospital: Team St. Olav (Nordic -Office of Architecture, Ratio Arkitekter), Trondheimslaget (Studio 4 Arkitekter, KHR, Per Knudsen Arkitektkontor), Frisk Arkitekter (Nordic-Office of Architecture, Niels Torp Arkitekter, Pål G. Kavli), Ratio Arkitekter, Asplan Viak, Helsebygg Midt-Norge

卑尔根市轻轨/Bergen Light Rail: Bergensprogrammet (Hordaland County Council, Bergen Municipality, Norwegian Public Roads Administration) （客户/Client）; Arkitektgruppen Cubus; Fuggibaggi; Kontrapunkt; Norconsult

Norway: Universal Design in Architecture

Universal design is defined as the "design of products, services and environments in such a way that they can be used by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design". In 2005, 16 Norwegian ministries agreed on an action plan based on the government's vision for Norway to become a society where all people have the same opportunities to participate on equal terms. As part of many measures, the Innovation Award for Universal Design was established and is a recognition of those who have developed innovative and inclusive products, services and environments. Three awardwinners are presented here.

universal design, inclusive society, equality, participation, lead users, The Norwegian Government Action Plan for Universal Design, The Innovation Award for Universal Design, Design and Architecture Norway

挪威设计与建筑中心／Design and Architecture Norway

2017-05-12