例谈英语阅读教学中的有效设问
2017-07-10邢文骏
邢文骏
摘 要:有效的阅读教学设计不仅提高了课堂效率,而且架构了发展核心素养的活动平台。在阅读策略的引领下,基于文本背景、情节、语篇,精准设问、合力生成,开展阅读教学活动,能够提升学生的思维品质,成就高效英语课堂。
关键词:阅读教学;设问视角;思维品质
教学中的问题设计是一门艺术,好的问题可以激活学生的背景知识,使得师生在真实的语言情境中进行自然的互动,达成情感的共鸣,使学生的思维从文本走向文化,提升学生的思维品质。在常规的阅读教学中,教师通常要设计一系列的问题来引导学生对文本内容进行梳理和理解,对文本语言进行感知和运用,并对作者的观点、写作意图、情感态度和文化背景进行分析、综合和评价,开展较高层次的思维活动,培养学生的评判性等较高级思维能力[1]1。在2016年江苏省高中英语优质课竞赛中,南京外国语学校费晨老师引领学生首先熟稔文体常识,探讨小说主旨,接着精准定位故事背景,逐层梳理故事情节,其后全面构建语篇结构,深入理解文本内涵,最后在内化文本基础上,着力拓展,激发学生思维。她在教学中的设问视角和生成独具特色。
一、基于阅读策略的设问——深度阅读从头开始
阅读策略指读者理解他们所读材料以及当他们遇到文本中难以理解的内容时所采取的行动[2]23。研究表明,流利的英语阅读者比不流利的英语阅读者更善于使用特定的阅读策略。
费老师所选用的阅读文本是学生熟悉的文体——小说(阅读文本详见教学月刊网站www.jxyk.com“资料下载”中的“原文选登”),学生对小说的结构和行文方式比较熟悉,所以费老师在上课伊始,即开门见山,直入主题。(注:Q代表问题,Q后面的数字表示问题的序号。S代表学生,S后面的数字表示特指的学生。T代表教师)
【教学片段】
Q1: What does a story need?
S: Characters, beginning and ending, title, time, place, plot.
Q2: What makes a story more than a story?
S: Its something we can learn from the story.
S: Something about emotion.
T: Yes, thats the theme of the story. Lets get started, exploring the theme.
【点评】两个问题层次分明。第一个问题既是事实性问题,也是策略性问题。说是事实性问题是因为学生对于故事类文本的阅读策略已在脑海中转化成了陈述性知识,无须探究即可获得。而说其是策略性问题,是因为其指明了阅读的方向和关注点。第二个问题则涉及主题的探讨,学生的回答和教师的转述、引导相得益彰。
二、基于背景的设问——激发学生的阅读动机
故事的背景包括故事發生的时间、地点,具体的时间和地点往往是对故事情节发展的一种暗示或提醒。故事发生的时间、地点一般通过直接查找即可完成,从表层看,似乎难度不大,但事实上精确定位并不容易。
【教学片段】
Q1: When did the story happen?
S: One morning.
T: What day was it?
S: Saturday.
Q2: Where did the story happen?
S: In an airport.
T: Can you be more specific?
S: In Atlanta airport.
T: Can you be more specific?
S: On a shuttle train.
Q3: On that free, sterile and impersonal shuttle train, we heard something unexpected. Whats that?
S: Laughter.
Q4: Where did the laughter come from?
S: A father and a son.
【点评】虽然前两个问题非常简洁,但每个具体答案的输出都经过教师的数轮提醒,每一次的提醒其实也是在要求学生再次阅读文本,因为学生习惯于在文本的开头寻找答案,却不够精准。精准的背景定位和介绍则是设置故事情节悬念的主要方式之一。该文本中故事的主人公在一个周六早晨乘坐sterile和impersonal的机场摆渡列车却能开怀大笑本身就形成了反差,从而成功激发读者继续阅读的欲望和动机。
三、基于情节的设问——主题探索让阅读更有温度
情节是故事发展的主体,是文本主题的载体,而故事的主题是阅读的主线和核心。关于故事情节的问题设计可以采用问题链的方式进行。第一个问题是第二个问题的前提,第二个问题是第三个问题的铺垫与阶梯,依次延续下去,层层铺垫,环环相扣,便形成了一条问题链[3]75。在教学时注意由表及里,渐次展开,以体现层次性、启发性和逻辑性。
【教学片段】
Q1: How did they look?
S: They were black and in inexpensive clothes.
Q2: What can you tell from their clothes?
S: They were not rich.
Q3: Did they look miserable or sad to you?
S: No, they are happy.
Q4: Black and poor, but happy. What were they doing to make them happy?
S: They pretended they were driving the train.
Q5: What in the text can tell you the boy really enjoys the journey?
S: “... made sounds of sheer delight.”“I want to ride some more!”“This is fun!”
Q6: Does it sound fun to the father, an adult, maybe in his thirties or forties?
S: No.
Q7: Why did he do that?
S: He felt happy to see his son was happy ...
Q8: How did he make it fun for his son?
S: “Here we go! Hold on me tight!”“Look out there!”“See the pilot? I bet he is walking to his plane.”
Q9: Did he really enjoy making the fun for his son?
S: Yes. Pleased but not patient.
Q10: Was the father patient or not patient?
S: Patient.
Q11: Mock means he pretends to be ...
S: I see, he pretends to be impatient to ...
Q12: What kind of father do you think he is?
S: Warm-hearted, responsible, a father full of love ...
Q13: What did the father and son both exactly enjoy?
S: Its the company. Love ... (信息来源:文本中的Para 14)
Q14: Whats the most valuable thing we can find in the father and son?
S: Its relationship, love, care and company.
Q15: Thats the theme of the story. What can we learn from the way the father treated his son?
S: As an adult, maybe some father will be impatient ... This father shows love in a different way ...
【点评】教师从父子的肤色、衣着切入,通过追问推测二人的经济状况并对比其开心的表现,从而形成反差,进一步增强学生的阅读动机,拓展学生的思维深度,再探寻行为的根源,逐步逼近文本的主题。难能可贵的是,多数学生在表达观点的同时也提供了支撑观点的信息源,让阅读有理也有据。文本主题是读者通過阅读、感知、体会、分析和综合得出来的,而不是教师告知的,从而体现阅读的主体性。师生的一系列看似简单的问答,实则是学生在教师的启发和引导下和作者对话的过程。同时,教师也善于课堂观察并及时提供支架,如Q10,教师用了一个简单选择问句,而从学生回答的表情来看显然对答案不确定,所以教师及时跟进解释mock,由此学生对父子之情的理解豁然开朗。
四、基于语篇的设问——始于文本终于意义
语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体,大多数语言学家认为语篇分析应该超过句法分析。韩礼德和哈桑认为,最好把语篇看作是语义单位(semantic unit),即不是形式单位,而是意义单位[4]。所以,阅读的过程不能仅仅满足于学生寻找信息和进行语言知识的转述或变化,而应着重关注学生的意义输出。
在此教学过程中,费老师设计了以下问题。
【教学片段1】
教师从乘客的肤色和衣着等表层信息入手,引导学生进行人物情感、性格等深层信息的抽象和概括。
Black White
Poor Rich
Happy Indifferent
Q1: What did the author see behind 3 pairs of contrast?
S: Happiness is simple to get. It doesnt depend on how rich you are or the skin color you have, but it depends on the attitudes towards life ... Sometimes, time and love are more precious than money.
【点评】肤色和衣着是文本中可以直接获得的信息,而主人公的情感差异等隐性信息须通过分析和推测获得。学生通过三组信息差的对比形成多元意义输出。从心理学上说,相对差异较小的信息,学习更容易发生于较大信息间差异[5]。虽然只设计了一个问题,但很好地体现了阅读的三个层次:reading the lines, reading between the lines and reading beyond the lines. 前者指文本的实际意义,中间指推测意义,最后指对文本信息的评价[6]。
【教学片段2】
相对于欢乐的父子,那些行色匆匆的旅客工作、生活状态以及心理特征并无明显表现,但在父子言行的反衬下,通过教师的巧妙设问,学生思维的方向性、拓展性更加明晰。在学生的意义输出之前,费老师故意遮盖了作者的观点,启发学生自由表达。
Q2: What kind of parents might they be?
S: They dont have much time with ... It reminded me of a book by Zhou Guoping ...(《周国平谈父母与孩子》中写道:我断然否认夺走女孩手中的破布娃娃而硬塞给她金币是父爱)
T: Lift the orange paper and read the authors thoughts.
【点评】同学生一样,作者也是一个旁观者,他的观点的产生和当时的环境有关,也和其自身的年龄、经历、修养有关。根据作者的描述,作为读者的学生也会在脑海中建立相应的情境图式并发表自己的观点,同时将人物之间言行、情感对比升华到读者之间的思维碰撞,其中既包括读者与作者,也包含作为读者的学生之间的思辨。在观点表述的过程中,许多学生能围绕主题进行知识迁移,既有抽象、概括也有具体事例,使主題呈现更加丰满。
【教学片段3】
不一样的父母可能有不一样的教育理念、教育方法和教育效果,紧接上一问题,费老师同样运用遮挡的方法引导学生对由此而可能出现的教育结果进行推测和预判。最后对比作者的观点,同作者再进行深层对话。
Q3: What can go wrong with parents like them?
S: Maybe they care about their children, but in the wrong way. They are responsible, they want to make money, but they dont give love ... Some poor people may be happier than ...
Q4: What if we have parents like them?
S: Selfish ... Distant from their parents. They dont know how to show love ...
T: Lift the green paper and read the authors thoughts.
【点评】阅读本身就是一个预设、验证、再预设和验证的过程。事实上,学生的预设并不都是集中朝向一个方向,他们之间也有不同想法和分歧。预设和验证并不是让学生接受作者的观点,而是让学生产生观点、输出意义。在此过程中,学生不仅和作者比,同学之间的回答也是一种对比和思维碰撞,有开放的思维才是最重要的。作者的观点也只是一种有倾向性的意义表达而已,所以在学生表达之后,费老师并未作是非的评判,而是创设了民主的课堂氛围,给学生以自由表达的空间。
【教学片段4】
学习英语不仅仅是为了学习语言知识,而是学会用英语解决问题,这正是英语的工具性的体现。
Q5: What can we do?
S: Parents cant avoid ... to have lunch with you. (分享了理解母亲的故事) Dont wait for parents to be with us, we can approach them ... We need to understand ...
【点评】爱是本文的主旨和终点,也是学生情感的触发点,不同背景的学生结合自己的亲身经历现身说法,有的学生甚至分享自己和父母相处、相知和理解的点点滴滴,学生对方案的表述是其思维的拓展,也是其价值观呈现的过程。之后,师生共同朗读作者的建议方案:“Parents who care enough to spend time, and to pay attention and to try their best. It doesnt cost a cent, yet it is the most valuable thing in the world. ”虽然和学生表述方式不尽相同,但内容、主旨不谋而合。
五、基于思辨的提问——提升学生的思维品质
阅读不仅仅是为了获取文本信息、理解文本和探求主旨大意,还要对文本内容所述是否合理、作者的写作目的是否明确、表达方式是否多元等信息进一步进行评价,从而超越文本生成自己的观点。所以,在学生准确获知文本内容、深入理解文本内涵之后,教师通常需要设计问题引导学生对文本话题、内容、作者观点等进行进一步的深入思考[1]7。
【教学片段】
Q1: Why did the author tell us the story?
S: ... wanted to tell parents to care more about their children ...
Q2: What title might the author have given to the essay?
S1: “Black and white”. Because the father and the son were black and others were white.
S2: “Whats love”.
Q3: Do you like his title?
S3: I dont think it is good because it is too straight. But I dont think of one.
T: Think about it, I will come back to you later.
S4: “The simple happiness”. From the story, the father and son enjoy simple life and each others company ...
Q4: Are you satisfied with her title?
S3: “A father and a son” may be better.
Q5: Thats the real title. Can you continue to tell why the author gave this title?
S3: Its the character of the story. Happiness is simple and what we only need is love and care.
Q6: Lets talk about your titles and authors title, what do you think now?
S2: “Whats love” and “A father and a son” both are better. The latter is more like to show the contents of the story. Hers and mine are trying to talk about the inside of the story and whats the spirit of the story.
S4: I dont agree with him. I prefer my title ...
S3: I dont agree with either of them. Straight, just like Chinglish “chicken soup”...
Q7: Why do you think their titles dont draw peoples attention?
S: People dont want others to teach them something ... The main point is that they can learn something from the story and they have to feel it themselves ...
【點评】围绕作者可能给出的标题,结合自己的理解,学生从不同的视角给出了不同的标题,并且给予充分的理由,使观点理据充分。经过充分辩论之后,即使有学生已给出了接近或和作者相同的标题,但学生之间的思辨并未因此停止。他们的思维之所以被激发,关键在于教师追问,如Q6和Q7,学生的回答令人心动,这样的回答无疑是读者对文本的内化之后才可能得出,师生是无法预设的。
阅读的最终目标是意义输出,本节课的最大特点是输出远远大于输入,而之所以产生如此动态生成和费老师的精心设问紧密相关。读前充分利用学生已有知识(故事的文体特征)巧妙设问,使之与具体文本发生联系,内化阅读策略和技能。基于文本情境的悬念式提问极大地激活了学生的阅读动机,及时进入阅读情境并沉浸其中。在阅读的过程中始终以情节为中心层层设问和追问,使学生预测、感知、体验和综合分析文本信息,从而准确解读文本主题。解读文本的过程也是作者与读者进行多重对话的过程,读者之间不断对话的过程。在准确理解文本信息和深层内涵之后,一个有判断力的读者不会全盘接受文本呈现的事实和观点,相反会对作者的观点提出质疑。同样,基于文本理解的读者之间的对话是思辨也是相互学习, 这是一个渐进的、自然的学习和思维的过程,也真正体现了阅读的自主性思维能力,阅读的核心价值也大概在此。
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