3例糖原累积症Ib型SLC37A4基因分析
2017-04-26袁裕衡邱正庆
袁裕衡 刘 妍 邱正庆
中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院(北京 100730)
3例糖原累积症Ib型SLC37A4基因分析
袁裕衡 刘 妍 邱正庆
中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院(北京 100730)
目的探讨糖原累积症Ib型SLC37A4基因突变状况及基因型与临床表型的关系。方法回顾分析3例糖原累积症Ib型患儿的临床资料及SLC37A4基因检测结果。结果3例患儿,男2例,女1例,年龄分别为6、9、16岁,临床表现为肝大、空腹低血糖、高乳酸血症、高脂血症和粒细胞减少。外周血DNA直接测序分析SLC37A4基因的6个等位基因,共检测出4种突变,包括错义突变2个,p. Leu23Arg、p.Pro191Leu,剪切突变1个,c.870+5G>A,缺失突变1个,c.1042_1043 del CT。3例患儿的基因型分别为,p.Pro191Leu, p.Pro191Leu;p. Leu23Arg, c.870+5G>A;p.Pro191Leu, p.Leu347ValfsX53。结论3例糖原累积症Ib型中国患者中共检出4种突变,均为已知突变;其中p.Pro191Leu为最常见突变;不排除p.Gly149Glu纯合突变与反复感染相关。
糖原贮积病Ib型; SLC37A4基因; 葡萄糖6磷酸转移酶; 基因突变
糖原累积症Ib型(GSDIb,MIM:232220)是由SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 37,MEMBER 4(SLC37A4,MIM:602671)基因突变引起的一种常染色体隐性遗传性糖原代谢疾病。糖原累积症Ⅰ型发病率约1/100 000[1],其中Ib型超过20%[2]。葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶由催化亚单位(glucose-6-phosphate catalytic subunit,G6PC)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸转移酶(glucose-6-phosphate transporter,G6PT)组成,在糖原合成及分解中起关键作用。G6PC位于内质网膜,其基因突变引起GSDIa型,临床表现为糖代谢异常,引起空腹低血糖、肝脏和肾脏增大、生长发育落后、高脂血症、高尿酸血症和高乳酸血症等[3]。G6PC活性位点暴露于内质网内,需G6PT将G6P转运至内质网中方可发挥水解作用[4,5];SLC37A4基因突变导致G6PT突变,除GSDIa型典型临床表现外,还可引起粒细胞减少和功能障碍的表现(反复感染),粒细胞计数和功能异常可诱发自身免疫性疾病(口腔和肠道黏膜溃疡、炎症性肠病、自身免疫性甲状腺炎、生长激素缺乏、自身免疫性重症肌无力等)[6],严重影响患者生存质量[7]。因此SLC37A4基因的检测对GSDIb 的诊断以及预后判断尤为重要。自从SLC37A4基因被定位以来[8],已有96种致病突变被报道,至今所报道的中国人种的SLC37A4基因突变来自于大陆(23例)[9-11]、香港(3例)[12-14]和台湾(1例)[15],共有16种突变。本研究对不同家系临床诊断为GSDIb的3例患儿进行SLC37A4基因突变分析,希望进一步了解GSDIb型患者SLC37A4基因突变情况,并对基因突变和临床表型进行相关性分析。
1 临床资料
2009年7月至2011年5月北京协和医院儿科遗传门诊确诊GSDIb患者3例,男2例,女1例,分别来自于山西省、河北省,初诊年龄为2岁、5岁、10岁。患儿来自不同家族,父母均非近亲婚配,家族史均阴性。3例患儿均表现明显的肝脏增大、反复口腔溃疡,2例有反复感染病史,1例有关节疼痛,均无炎症性肠病表现;3例患儿均有空腹低血糖(1.8~3.1 mmol/L),外周血中性粒细胞减少[(0.70~1.01)×109/L],高乳酸血症(4.2~13.9 mmol/L),并有不同程度的高天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(88~186 U/L),高三酰甘油血症(4.85~13.51 mmol/L),高尿酸血症(516~642 μmol/L)。餐前和餐后肾上腺素刺激试验血糖升高均<2.5 mmol/L。3例患儿均给予生玉米淀粉为主的饮食指导治疗。
经患儿家属知情同意后采集3例GSDIb患儿及父母外周血各2 mL,利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测SLC37A4基因9个外显子及外显子和內含子连接处(图1)。每例患儿均检测出2个突变;父母同位点基因分析,均检测到受检者一个杂合致病突变(表1)。在3例患儿的6个等位基因上共检测出4种突变和3种基因型,包括错义突变2个,c.68T>G, p. Leu23Arg、c.572C>T, p.Pro191Leu;剪切突变1个,c.870+5G>A;缺失突变1个,c.1042_1043 del CT,p.Leu347ValfsX53。突变p.Pro191Leu为最常见突变,占50%(3/6)。
图1 患儿SLC37A4基因测序图
表1 GSDIb型3例患儿基因型
2 讨论
6-磷酸葡萄糖(G6P)分解需要至少G6PT和G6PC2种内质网相关的膜蛋白参与。G6PT将G6P从细胞浆和内质网膜间隔转运到内质网腔内,之后由活性位点位于内质网腔内的G6PC催化,分解为葡萄糖和磷酸盐,分别由其他转位酶转运至细胞质。SLC37A4基因定位在常染色体11q23,全长5.3kb,有9个外显子;基因产物为具有9个袢的跨膜蛋白G6PT,由429个氨基酸组成,其氨基和羧基端均位于细胞质侧,在肝脏、肾脏、大肠、小肠、血液和骨骼肌中普遍表达;SLC37A4基因突变可导致G6PT缺乏或功能异常,不能对G6P完成转运[5]。G6PC可分为G6Pase-α和G6Pase-β,G6Pase-α表达于肝脏、肾脏、肠道,G6PT和G6Pase-α基因突变均可造成糖稳态受损(单独G6Pase-α基因突变导致罹患GSDIa型),造成空腹低血糖和糖原累积,引起高乳酸性酸中毒、高脂血症、高尿酸血症、肝脏和肾脏增大;G6Pase-β由G6PC3基因编码,定位于17q21,结构与G6Pase-α类似但仅有36%与之同源,广泛表达于所有细胞,G6PT和G6Pase-β基因突变均可造成粒细胞能量供应异常和HIF-1α/PPAR-γ炎症旁路激活,从而引起粒细胞减少及功能障碍(表现为呼吸爆发、趋化性、钙动员异常),并引起反复感染[1,16];仅有G6Pase-β基因突变不引起糖稳态受损。
至今所报道的中国人种的SLC37A4基因突变共有27例病例和16种突变,错义突变8个,p. Leu23Arg、p.Gly115Arg、p.Gly149Glu、p.Pro191Leu、p.Gly281Val、p.Tyr24His、p.Trp246Arg和p.Arg415Gly;剪切突变2个,c.784+1G>A和c.870+5G>A;无意突变1个,p.Arg415X;移码突变1个,c.959-960 insT;缺失突变4个,c.1014_1120del107、c.1042_1043 del CT、c.354_355insC和IVS8+1_4delGTAA。其中突变p.Gly149Glu(13/45)、p.Pro191Leu(12/45)为最常见突变,分别占28.9%和26.7%[9-15]。p.Pro191Leu、p.Gly115Arg、c.870+5G>A三种突变仅在中国人中检出,不排除是中国人种特异性的突变。本研究3例GSDIb患儿的6个等位基因分析发现4种突变,均为已知突变,且已在中国大陆患者中检出;其中p.Pro191Leu为最常见突变,占50%,与以往文献报道相符[9]。
在本组3家系中共发现3种基因型,包括2种复合杂合突变,1种纯合突变。回顾中国大陆已报道病例,共有17种基因型[9-11]。其中p.Pro191Leu纯合突变重复频率较高,既往在4个互相没有血缘关系的家系中检出(4/17),4例患者合并不同程度的反复感染,3例以反复上呼吸道感染为主、1例因严重感染死亡[9];本组中1例患者基因型即为p.Pro191Leu纯合突变,无反复感染病史,故此基因型与感染的相关性证据不足;p.Gly149Glu 纯合突变重复频率也较高,既往共在5例患者中检出(5/17),该基因型患者均有反复感染表现,不排除此基因型与反复感染相关[10]。
本组例3基因型为p.Pro191Leu、c.1042_1043 del CT杂合突变,仅有反复上呼吸道感染、反复口腔溃疡、生长落后、肝大、肝酶升高等GSDIb常见表现。回顾既往病例报道有相同基因型患儿1例,该患儿除生长发育落后、腹膨隆、慢性腹泻、反复上呼吸道感染及中耳炎、口腔溃疡等GSDIb常见表现外,尚合并胰腺炎和癫痫,因反复胰腺炎发作于12岁死亡[9]。既往有报道GSDIa型合并胰腺炎患者[17],多并发严重高脂血症(三酰甘油5.6~13.5 mmol/L),该患儿血脂仅轻度升高,并发胰腺炎原因不明。本组例3患儿基因型与该患儿相同,但无胰腺炎、癫痫等表现,故该基因型与胰腺炎、癫痫等临床表型的相关性证据不足。
GSDIb患者以饮食治疗为主,生玉米淀粉口服可维持血糖稳定、生长发育无明显落后,但仍有高脂血症等发生,可辅助降脂药物口服[2]。饮食控制依从性差者血乳酸、胰岛素等生化指标均明显异常[18]。改良生玉米淀粉可延长进食间隔[19]。粒细胞持续减低至0.2×109/L以下、重症感染病史、重度炎症性肠病、重症腹泻的患者可给予长期粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)治疗,推荐起始剂量2.5 μg/kg,qod,粒细胞超过1×109/L后可每月评估1次粒细胞计数,每次可增加5 μg/kg,最大剂量不超过25μg/(kg·d)[20];长期应用G-CSF时应注意监测有无脾脏增大、脾功能亢进和骨质疏松,定期监测腹部超声评估有无肿瘤出现,并警惕急性粒细胞白血病发生[18,20,21]。合并炎症性肠病予5-氨基水杨酸治疗时注意监测肾脏损伤[20];Davis等[22]报告合并Crohn病、传统治疗无效时应用阿达木单抗治疗有好转。肝腺瘤癌变风险高、肝纤维化严重、严重肝功能不全时可行肝脏移植[23],肝移植可纠正低血糖、高脂血症等代谢异常,但术后粒细胞减少无改善[24]。此外,应注重骨密度监测和维生素D补充(约1 000 IU/d)[25];有报道维生素E口服可减少感染、减轻IBD活动度[26]。
对于临床上疑似糖原累积症患者,如进一步检查餐前和餐后肾上腺素刺激试验血糖升高<2.5 mmol/L,则提示GSDI型;如病史中有外周血粒细胞减低史、反复口腔溃疡、关节痛,则糖原累积症Ib可能性大,建议进一步行SLC37A4基因检查以明确诊断。此外,少数GSDIb患者无粒细胞减少表现,必要时同时完善GSDIa和Ib基因检查[27]。
[1] Chou JY, Jun HS, Mansfield BC. Glycogen storage disease type I and G6Pase-beta deficiency: etiology and therapy [J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2010, 6(12): 676-688.
[2] Rake JP, Visser G, Labrune P, et al. Glycogen storage diseasetype I: diagnosis, management, clinical course and outcome. Results of the European Study on Glycogen Storage Disease Type I (ESGSD I) [J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2002, 161 (Suppl 1): S20-S34.
[3] Chou JY, Matern D, Mansfield BC, et al. Type I glycogen storage diseases: disorders of the glucose-6-phosphatase complex[J]. Curr Mol Med, 2002, 2(2): 121-143.
[4] Yang Chou J, Mansfield BC. Molecular genetics of type 1 glycogen storage diseases [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 10(3): 104-113.
[5] Pan CJ, Lin B, Chou JY. Transmembrane topology of human glucose 6-phosphate transporter [J]. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274(20): 13865-13869.
[6] Melis D, Della Casa R, Balivo F, et al. Involvement of endocrine system in a patient affected by glycogen storage disease 1b: speculation on the role of autoimmunity [J]. Ital J Pediatr, 2014, 40(1): 30.
[7] Sechi A, Deroma L, Paci S, et al. Quality of life in adult patients with glycogen storage disease type I: results of a multicenter italian study [J]. JIMD Rep, 2014, 14: 47-53.
[8] Veiga-da-Cunha M, Gerin I, Chen YT, et al. A gene on chromosome 11q23 coding for a putative glucose-6-phosphate translocase is mutated in glycogen-storage disease types Ib and Ic [J]. Am J Hum Genet, 1998, 63(4): 976-983.
[9] 邱正庆,卢超霞,王薇,等. 糖原累积症Ib型15家系SLC37A4 基因分析研究[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2011, 49(3): 203-208
[10] 梁翠丽,刘丽,盛慧英,等. 糖原累积病 Ib 型患儿基因突变分析与临床研究[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2013, 15(8): 661-665.
[11] 林谦,郑必霞,李玫. 葡萄糖-6-磷酸移位酶基因突变引起的糖原累积病Ib型一例[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2014, 52(1): 58-60.
[12] Lam CW, Chan KY, Tong SF, et al. A novel missense mutation (P191L) in the glucose-6-phosphate translocase gene identified in a Chinese family with glycogen storage disease 1b [J]. Hum Mutat, 2000, 16(1): 94.
[13] Lam CW, Sin SY, Lau ET, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type 1b using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography [J]. Prenat Diagn, 2000, 20(9): 765-768.
[14] Yuen YP, Cheng WF, Tong SF, et al. Novel missense mutation (Y24H) in the G6PT1 gene causing glycogen storage disease type 1b [J]. Mol Genet Metab, 2002, 77(3): 249-251.
[15] Hsiao HJ, Chang HH, Hwu WL, et al. Glycogen storage disease type Ib: the first case in Taiwan [J]. Pediatr Neonatol, 2009, 50(3): 125-128.
[16] Jun HS, Weinstein DA, Lee YM, et al. Molecular mechanisms of neutrophil dysfunction in glycogen storage disease type Ib [J]. Blood, 2014. 123(18): 2843-5283.
[17] Kikuchi M, Hasegawa K, Handa I, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in a child with glycogen storage disease type 1 [J]. Eur J Pediatr, 1991, 150(12): 852-3.
[18] Melis D, Pivonello R, Cozzolino M, et al. Impaired bone metabolism in glycogen storage disease type 1 is associated with poor metabolic control in type 1a and with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy in type 1b [J]. Horm Res Paediatr, 2014, 81(1): 55-62..
[19] Bhattacharya K, Orton RC, Qi X, et al. A novel starch for the treatment of glycogen storage diseases [J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2007, 30(3): 350-357. .
[20] Visser G, Rake JP, Labrune P, et al. Consensus guidelines for management of glycogen storage disease type 1b - European Study on Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 [J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2002, 161 (Suppl 1): S120-123.
[21] Schroeder T, Hildebrandt B, Mayatepek E, et al. A patient with glycogen storage disease type Ib presenting with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) bearing monosomy 7 and translocation t(3;8)(q26;q24) after 14 years of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF): a case report [J]. J Med Case Rep, 2008, 2: 319..
[22] Davis MK, Rufo PA, Polyak SF, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of Crohn-like colitis and enteritis in glycogen storage disease type Ib [J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2008, 31 (Suppl 3): 505-509.
[23] Davis MK and Weinstein DA, Liver transplantation in children with glycogen storage disease: controversies and evaluation of the risk/benefit of this procedure [J]. Pediatr Transplant, 2008, 12(2): 137-145.
[24] Matern D, Starzl TE, Arnaout W, et al. Liver transplantation for glycogen storage disease types I, III, and IV [J]. Eur J Pediatr, 1999, 158 (Suppl 2): s43-s48.
[25] Banugaria SG, Austin SL, Boney A, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in glycogen storage disease type I [J]. Mol Genet Metab, 2010, 99(4): 434-437.
[26] Melis D, Minopoli G, Balivo F, et al. Vitamin E improves clinical outcome of patients affected by glycogen storage disease type Ib [J]. JIMD Rep, 2016, 25: 39-45.
[27] Kure S, Hou DC, Suzuki Y, et al. Glycogen storage disease type Ib without neutropenia [J]. J Pediatr, 2000, 137(2): 253-256.
Analysis of SLC37A4 gene in 3 cases of glycogen storage disease type Ib
YUAN Yuheng, LIU Yan, QIU Zhengqing
(Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijng 100730, China)
Objectives To analyze SLC37A4 gene mutations in glycogen storage disease type Ib patients and to investigate the correlation between genotype and phenotype.MethodsThe clinical data and SLC37A4 gene detection results of 3 cases of glycogen storage disease type Ib were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsTwo males and one female aged 6 years, 9 years, and 16 years respectively were presented with hepatomegaly, fasting hypoglycemia, slactic academia, hyperlipidemia, and granulocytopenia. The analysis of 6 alleles in SLC37A4 gene by direct sequencing of peripheral blood DNA found 4 mutations, including 2 missense mutation (p. Leu23Arg and p.Pro191Leu), one shear mutation (c.870+5G>A), and one deletion mutation (c.1042_1043 del CT). The genotypes of these 3 cases were p.Pro191Leu, p.Pro191Leu;p. Leu23Arg, c.870+5G>A;p.Pro191Leu, p.Leu347ValfsX53 respectively.ConclusionsThere were 4 mutations detected among these 3 cases of glycogen storage disease type Ib. All of those were known mutations. The most common mutation was p.Pro191Leu. It can not be excluded that P.Gly149Glu homozygous mutation is associated with repeated infections.
glycogen storage disease type Ib; SLC37A4 gene; glucose 6 phosphate transferase; gene mutation
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2017.03.006
2016-07-13)
(本文编辑:梁 华)
邱正庆 电子信箱:zhengqingqiu33@aliyun.com