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高考英语短文改错考题分析与对策

2017-04-14刘玉竹

关键词:冠词连词代词

刘玉竹

据统计,在2016年的高考中,湖南考生在短文改错一题的平均得分不到四分,可见该题对于考生来说是一个瓶颈,有的考生看不出句子有错,有的能找到错误,但不知如何纠错,或改不对,甚至越改越错。因此了解该题的题型特点,掌握一些解题技巧非常有必要。本文将结合历年高考题对如何应对短文改错做粗略的探讨。

1. 高考短文改错命题特点

短文改错通常是词数在100字左右的书信、日记或者记叙文,文章语言简单易懂,难度符合中学生水平,考查学生书面表达中的常见错误,但出题涉及面广,错误设置包括语法错误和逻辑错误,其中语法错误有词法错误与句法错误。测试点主要是动词,名词,介词,冠词,形容词,副词及各类从句的关系词,连词和连接词。其中动词(包括非谓语动词)、名词、连词、形容词或副词的考查较多;标点符号、语序、单词拼写一般不作要求。

2. 设错方式

主要包括以下三种:其一,更正错词。其二,删除多词。其三,补漏缺词。

3. 解题策略

3.1 解题步骤

初读全文,了解大意;逐句分析,句中找错;复读短文,检查漏洞。也就是按照从文章到句最后又回到文章的顺序。具体来说有三个集体步骤,第一步:初读全文,了解大意。短文改错是考查考生理解文章大意后,对语篇的识错、纠错能力,考生应从有整体语篇意识,而不能只顾一句。阅读时要注意行文逻辑、文章的时态以及人称等。第二步:逐句分析,句中找错。了解文章大意后,考生应逐句对文章进行分析,看看是否每句话有错;有几处错,是什么错。将“短文改错”变为“单句改错”以降低难度。 第三步:复读短文,检查漏洞。做完以后,重读文章一遍,检查是否有遗漏,是否有单词拼写错误,是否注意了大小写等细节问题,以免引起无谓的扣分。

3.2 解题思路

这里介绍一条六十字口诀: 动词形;名词数;还要注意形和副;非谓语,细辨别;代词格,细领悟;介词短语须关注,习惯用法要记住;句子成分多分析;逻辑错误需关注;冠词连词常光顾。下面将结合历年高考题分别对测试点进行简要分析。

3.2.1 动词形

在短文改错中,动词错误所占比重最大,包括动词的时态、语态错误; 谓语动 词与主语不一致;动词的非谓语形式,以及动词的句型搭配错误等。例如:

1) However, my father had to come back to work on Monday so we fly back last Saturday. flew

2) Growing up is not easy. Sometimes all that is need is someone to rely on. needed

3) I stayed there for one and a half hours and made sure that the girl were all right. was

4)Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend. are

5)I was at Hangzhou Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou. buying

3.2.2 名词数

对于名词,主要考查可数与不可数名词的混用;可数名词的单复数的错用以及名词的格的误用。例如:

1) We can find a lot of informations on the Internet. information

2) Different people speak different language. languages

3) The man is a friend of my father. fathers

3.2.3 形容詞和副词

短文改错中对于这两者的考查,一是会出现词性误用,这就需要考生明了形容词常修饰名词,而副词常修饰形容词,副词,动词或整个句子;二是原级,比较级,最高级用错。例如:

1)When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back. slowly

2) I got to the finishing line first. I won the race. I felt very proudly of myself. proud

3) The doctor says he is recovering fast than expected. faster

3.2.4 代词

检查短文中出现的人称代词,指示代词,反身代词,关系代词,疑问代词所指代的内容及其在句中的作用,看看其数、格、词性是否正确,前后是否一致, 另外注意形式主语,形式宾语都用it。例如:

1)It was only when we did their chemistry project together that I began to understand. our

2)He found∧ difficult to learn math well. it

3)After thinking for a while, I let her copy my answers. But after the test, all of us were called to the teachers office. both

3.2.5 介词短语及习惯用法

注意固定短语中介词使用是否正确,不定式结构中的不及物动词后是否带了正确的介词,时间状语前有指示代词this, that或one, next, last等修饰时不用介词。例如:

1)There was one on particular Id really wanted.( 浙江卷) in

2)He had only a small cold room to live∧. in

3)He paid a visit to his grandfather on that afternoon.

3.2.6 冠词和连词常

英语中只有a, an ,the三个冠词,在短文改错中,错误常是多冠词或缺冠词;误用冠词。 看到连词就要从句子的意思和句与句之间的逻辑关系来判断连词是否使用准确。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题。例如:

1)He was right here in the front of me.

2)I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor. and

除词法错误外,我们还应注意从句法的角度去分析:如定语从句中的关系词,名词性从句中的连接词,状语从句中的从属连词的误用以及句式结构,遇到各种从句,考生应先分析句子成分,后根据句义改用正确的连词。例如:

1)The house which Lu Xun once lived is being repaired now. where

2)We would return at night to hear that hed picked up from the radio in the day. what

3)Make a mark which you have any doubts or questions. where

4)I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees. seeing

另外各位考生還应注意,短文改错是改“错”,而不是把原文中正确的形式改成自己认可的另外一种形式,虽然改后的表达法也对,但不符合这类题型的答题要求,因此也不能得分。

以上所述是对短文改错的命题方式以及应对策略的粗略总结,相信各位考生在做这类题时若能掌握并灵活运用上述六十字口诀就能提高短文改错的得分率。

(作者单位:湖南省衡阳市衡东县第二中学)

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