关于挪威的观察

张利/ZHANG Li

关于挪威的观察

Observations from Norway

张利/ZHANG Li

从某种程度上说，挪威是一个从话语权力的“边缘”扰动“中心”的成功例子，虽然挪威本身在产生这种扰动的进程中也不停地面临新的困惑。

二战以后，至少在西方，未被德国占领的、拥有着“特殊关系”的美英两国一度是事实上的国际政治与经济结构的制定者，英语体系的文化中心地位随之而成。丘吉尔在其1946年的富尔顿演说中，曾经不无优越感地提出“以英语为母语的人，在和平的年代，必须在思想的坚定、追求的执着以及决策的简明三项原则的指导与约束下行事，就像我们在战争时代所做的一样。我们必须，我相信我们也会证明，我们是配得上这些苛刻要求的。”后工业时代初期，英语体系所占据的中心地位被国际教育和因特网进一步放大。即使是同处西方的西部欧洲，也不自觉地被加上了种种边缘化的“特色”标签，如拉丁语系地区的历史、日尔曼语系地区的技术与斯堪的纳维亚地区的自然。

恐怕没有人是愿意永远处在边缘的。近日人们开始惊呼盎格鲁——美利坚时代的败象（这多半缘于众所周知的近期美英国内的政治乱象）。可早在此前很久，一度被列在“边缘”的欧洲国家就开始了对“中心”进行的创造性扰动和替代：首先是战后的荷兰，随后是世纪之交的西班牙与瑞士，再后来是整个斯堪的纳维亚地区。

作为全球最北部的国家，挪威是与世无争的朴素自然主义的代表。然而随着上世纪中期北海油田的发现，挪威的经济实力迅速提升，其文化影响力也不再满足于“北方自然”这种角色定义。从上个世纪末到本世纪的最初10年，挪威向世界推出了一种基于高福利与平权主义的模式样板——在社会学上呈现为“挪威式”体系，在建筑学上呈现为以斯内赫塔建筑事务所作品为代表的集成化城市开放空间——以此积极参与未来人类社会的想象与定义，对原来的“中心”地区形成一种逆向的辐射。然而，这本应是一路高歌的进程在进入本世纪的第二个10年后却遇到了不小的挑战：石油经济的萎缩所导致的资源局限、内部的原生恐袭和外部的移民涌入所导致的社会裂痕。

本期专辑所收录的，正是挪威建筑在这样的困惑面前所进行的继续其进程的努力。从营造文明社会的角度而言，这些实例不外乎参与建造3种新的家园：新的物质家园、新的精神家园、新的伦理家园。

新的物质家园关注的是围绕居住和服务形成可持续的社区，这是后工业时代以来挪威建筑的强项。卑尔根的格内维索恩学生住宅以类型学的方式研讨中高密度下的社区向心力，特隆赫姆的圣奥拉夫医院关注以对人体本身的再理解来指导新的医疗空间的构建，同样位于特隆赫姆的斯瓦特拉蒙实验住宅把对全建筑寿命周期内能耗降低的探讨发挥到了极致——除了常规的种种技术外甚至使用了人工对机器的反向替代，奥斯陆的斯迈斯特回收中心则采用了另一条可持续性实践的路径——运用对已知技术的集成接近实现全寿命周期内碳排放量的中和。

新的精神家园关注的是现代社会对人的头脑的塑造，特别是对现代公民意识的塑造。在这方面的3个来自奥斯陆的案例中，我们看到的是来自早年奥斯陆歌剧院的那种无处不在的公共空间和无约束社交环境在各种新建设施中的再现。富鲁赛特图书馆与活动中心是一个典型的在传统的单功能空间中混杂社会性功能空间的实例，而其统合厨房、俱乐部、剧场、咖啡与阅览室的关键工具是人体尺度；费斯迪卡廉学校利用新建部分与旧厂房之间的偶然性对话打消学校建筑的规制感，实现对自发的公共性的引入；瑟伦加海浴场则是一个非常“挪威化”的作品，通畅的水平性、可达性与消失的边界共同勾勒出无差异的社区融合理想。

新的伦理家园表达的是对具备一定争议的全球性社会问题的价值观判定，出于这一特性，这类建筑永远不可能仅从纯建筑的逻辑进行评论。

于特岛青年营地重建项目的背后是令当代挪威乃至世界为之痛心的原发性恐袭事件，创下了单一罪犯枪杀无辜生命数量的可耻纪录。而这一项目过程中的社会争议与每一个具体设计决策的进退两难也恰切地反应了挪威社会在这一事件冲击下的不可避免的焦虑与彷徨。以遇难学生家长意见为主导而完成的这一建筑，最终选择了以正常的使用和继续的教育来纪念这一事件的方式，除“守安堂”的双层嵌套设计外，几乎没有任何象征性或戏剧性的语汇来把空间故事化。可以明确的是，它比很多我们熟知的以“救世主”方式出现的获奖建筑更加远离伪善，它所做的是对社会融合的推进而不是对社会伤痛的消费。遗憾的是，在以“拥有之后”（After Belonging）为题的2016年奥斯陆建筑三年展中，西班牙策展团队对这一作品选择了忽略——可能他们对世界其他地区的痛楚更感兴趣吧。

因为没有于特岛惨案所导致的巨大社会创伤与争议，另外两个新的伦理家园的项目可以轻松地选择更容易被传播的立场，而不会陷入举步维艰的境地。哈尔登监狱所探讨的服刑罪犯的惩罚感与幸福感的平衡显然蕴含了大量的（如果不是过量的）乐观主义； 而In Transit工作营的“成长的托堰”则是把大部分西欧建筑院校内的热门专题——难民住区带到了实际环境的研讨中，因为尚未实现，所以是有待检验的。

特别感谢挪威驻华使馆郝月（Carolina Harrysson）女士，是她的帮助使本期专辑成为可能。

Norway is a success story of how the "margin" changes the "centre" in the development of a global discourse, albeit not without its own confusions.

After WWII there has been an Anglo-American dominance in setting up the post-war international order, resulting in the two English speaking countries enjoying central places in global culture. Winston Churchill, 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri, "It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand simplicity of decision shall guide and rule the conduct of the English speaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement." Entering the post-industrial time, the wave of international education (higher education in particular) and internet further pushed non English speaking European countries to accompanying roles, be it history in the Italian-French speaking countries, technology in the German speaking countries, or nature in the Scandinavian countries.

No one is willing to remain in the margin. Recently there is of course an argument claiming Anglo-American decline mainly due the shambolic politics in the two countries. But it was long before this turn of time that countries in the "margin" shaking or replacing the leadership roles of those in the "centre". Architecturally at least, there was the Dutch not long after the war ended, then Spain and Switzerland at the turn of the century, then Scandinavia.

Being the world's north-most country on earth, Norway was the role model of Nordic peace with nature. Yet with the discovery of oil and the fastgrowing economic power, Norway has since embarked upon a path of impacting the world with soft power. In the first decade of the 21st century, Norway struck a huge success in providing an inspiring model in social welfare and equal rights, socially tagged as the Norway model, architecturally represented by the integrated civic spaces of works by offices like Snøhetta. Norway not only engaged in defining future societies of the world, but also inspired those countries traditionally regarded as the "centre". However, this success has been damped by severe challenges over the recent years: the collapse of oil price, the social rift injected first by one of the world's deadliest terrorist attacks then by the influx of immigrants.

What we present now in this issue of World Architecture is exactly the continuous efforts in Norwegian architecture even in the current time of confusions. It does seem that Norwegian architecture's commitment to the building of a better civic society hasn't been terminated by the difficult time. The projects we collect here interpret the idea of "home" (assuming this refers to the common home of a community) in three layers: homes of physicality, homes of minds, and homes of ethics.

The home of physicality focuses on the making of sustainable communities centred around residential/ communal spaces. Norway has been one of the defacto leaders in this field. SIB Grønneviksøren in Bergen takes a typological inquiry into the sharing quality of mid-to-high densities. St. Olav's Hospital in Trondheim reposes the problem of the spatial organisation of medical facilities, giving priority to the human body. Experimental Housing at Svartlamon in Trondheim expands the investigation of low-energy housing to its extreme where man power is brought back again to replace machine power. Smestad Recycling Centre in Oslo implements a more usual approach in which multiple technologies are combined to achieve carbon neutrality.

The home of minds focuses on the cultivation of modern minds, particularly the awareness of the new 21st century global citizens. Three projects from Oslo can be seen to be on this topic. Furuset Library and Activity Centre creates a healthy contemporary hybridity by mixing all kinds of programs into a library, utilising human scale as the fundamental tool to coordinate the vastly different programs. Fyrstikkalleén School in Oslo capitalises on the "incidentals" at the intersections of the new school building and the old factory, promoting spontaneous public life right from within. Sørenga Sjøbad is a typical "Norwegian" project, where panoramic horizontality, access-to-all and diminishing borders come together, depicting the idea of new social coherence.

The home of ethics addresses global controversial issues. Because of the nature of such projects, and because of the positions they have to take upon highly contentious issues today, they can hardly be judged solely from architecture.

Behind Utøya Torget and Hegnhuset there is the most terrible event of our time, one that shocked Norway and the rest of the world. Fierce debates and painful dilemmas over each of the design decisions in the long process of the project precisely reflect the anxiety and confusion of the Norwegian society in the aftershocks of the attack. The architect and the client made a clever decision in following the recommendations by most of the victims' parents, continuing the use of the camp and expanding its education programs. Besides the nested design of the Hegnhuset, no architectural language was used in dramatising or symbolising the spaces. One thing is clear, this is a project that pull itself far far away from the hypocrisy of many well-known award-winning projects. This is a project that poses itself as a facilitator, not a saviour. It tries to bring reconciliation rather than consuming the pain. Quite shockingly, this project didn't get through to the Oslo Architecture Triennale 2016, the title of which is After Belonging, a topic to which this project could have contributed so much. We can only assume that the Spanish team of curators were solely focused on pains in other parts of the world.

Freed from the deep wounds and conflicting contentions caused by the Utøya tragedy, the other two projects related to the home of ethics fare much more easily. They are in better positions to convey ideas that are more communicable. Halden Prison in Halden investigates the balance of punishment and enjoyment of the inmates, although with a little bit too much optimism. Growing Tøyen in Oslo of Studio In Transit takes the hot studio topic in every school, namely immigrant housing and integration facility, to a real environment and a real process. We would like to keep a keen eye on this on-going project, particularly on its performance in the real world.

Our special thanks to Ms Carolina Harrysson from the Norwegian Embassy in Beijing. It is her help that makes this issue possible.

清华大学建筑学院/《世界建筑》

2017-06-11