2017年高考英语阅读理解题解题攻略（二）

吴元培

（接上期）

（三）推理判断题

1.题型特点与命题方式

在高考阅读理解试题中，对推理判断题的考查每年占阅读理解试题的30%～40%。推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，对原文没有提及的情况进行推理想象，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息进一步推出的答案，即对原文某句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合，领悟作者的言外之意，推出符合作者意愿、合理的结论。此类题型的题干设问方式有：

（1） It can be inferred /concluded /implied from the passage that________.

（2） The author implied that...

（3） The author intends to________.

（4） Which statement is （not） true？

（5） From the text we know that________.

（6） What is the authors attitude towards…？

（7） What is the authors opinion of

________？

（8） What will the author talk about in the next passage？

（9） The passage is most likely to be taken from________.

2.解题思路与策略

考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。

（1）考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，看透文章的表面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索。推理的依据来自于上下文，切忌脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断，切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。

（2）对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，透过现象看本质，进行符合逻辑的推理，抓住材料中实质性的东西。

（3）在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。推理要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，全面分析，切忌片面思考。

下面结合高考试题，对推理判断题的不同类型加以解读。

①隐含含义推断题。

此题型要求考生理清语篇关系，透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，可根据文章提供的时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等信息或者借助生活常识进行推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。首先运用寻读，迅速在阅读材料中找到相关的信息点，确定推理依据的位置或范围；然后通过研读，由表及里，由浅入深地分析文章的字面意思，领悟作者的言外之意和文章的真正含义；同时推断应以文中提供的信息为依据，结合语境和作者态度，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。

【典例1】Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder. （2016年全國卷I，B篇）

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph？

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children. D. Get to know themselves better.

解析：A。推理判断题。根据本段中“Moving is not for everyone…but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.”可推测出，作者建议祖父母是否搬去与子孙住在一起还要考虑到自己的利益。

【典例2】People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. （2016年全国卷II，C篇）

31. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it？

A. Meet other readers to discuss it.

B. Keep it safe in his bookcase.

C. Pass it on to another reader.

D. Mail it back to its owner.

解析：C。推理判断题。根据本段最后一句“Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.”可知，Bruce Pederson说让书在家里积上灰尘是一种自私的行为，网站BookCrossing.com鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能继续把书传递下去。

②因果推断题。

此类题型要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要準确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。

【典例】“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”

“Oh， sure.”

“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”

“Nobody. I do it.”

“Really—at night， when youre asleep？”

“Sure.”

“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”（2016年全国卷II，B篇）

28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams？

A. To help them to see their creativity.

B. To find out about their sleeping habits.

C. To help them to improve their memory. D. To find out about their ways of thinking.

解析：A。 推理判断题。根据对话内容，特别是根据“Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”与“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”可知，作者鼓励学生们在白天的课堂上把梦的内容做出来。由此可推测作者这样做的目的是让学生们发现自己的创造性。

③观点态度推断题。

作者的观点态度是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。考生在通读全文的基础上，掌握文章主旨和主要事实，以了解作者的观点。作者的观点一般与文章主旨相关联，考生可根据已知的信息，进行由此及彼，由表及里的推断，以理解作者的观点和态度。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。在推断过程中应特别注意文中作者的措辞，根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，包括描写环境气氛，表达感情、态度观点和心理的形容词、副词、动词以及所举的例子，从而推断出作者的弦外之音，确定作者的态度，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点，要把作者的态度与作者引用别人的态度区分开。

表示观点态度的词有：positive肯定的，积极的；negative否定的，消极的；neutral中立的；critical批评的；praiseful赞扬的；approval赞成；disapproval不赞成；objective客观的；subjective主观的；indifferent漠不关心的；reserved保留意见的；optimistic乐观的；pessimistic悲观的；favorable赞成的；ironic讽刺的；doubtful怀疑的；sympathetic同情的。

【典例】The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy （自主性） and the development of adult identity. However， now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence， during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. （2016年北京卷，D篇）

67. Whats the authors attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students？

A. Sympathetic B. Disapproving

C. Supportive D. Neutral

解析：B。观点态度题。根据本段中“The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy （自主性） and the development of adult identity. However...”可推测出，作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故此题选择B项。

④写作目的意图推断题。

不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，写作目的通常有以下三种：娱乐读者，让人发笑；说服读者接受某种观点；告知读者某些信息。考生通过阅读整篇文章，透过字里行间的意思，体会作者的写作意图和所要表达的思想感情；同时应当关注主题句，把握文章的体裁也可以推断出作者的写作目的或意图。

记叙文特点：此类文章有时是单纯地讲述某个有意义或者令人深刻的经历来启迪作者，但更多的时候会在首段或者末段呈现出高度概括性的语言，且有一定的哲理性，所有叙事都是围绕该哲理展开。

广告类应用文特点：内容是对某件物品或者某一项目做的详细介绍，文中明显存在着支持的语言。

说明文的特点：涉及内容广泛，有时候说明一种新技术的特点，有时介绍一种文化，有时讨论一项研究的发展或成果。这类文章的写作目的有赖于对文章主题的把握，阅读时找准文章的主题句或对文章主题加以很好地归纳。

議论文结构特点：提出观点→论证→得出结论（提出解决问题的方法），阅读这类文章要特别注意后一部分，因为作者的意图和观点往往隐含其中。

【典例1】In the coming months， her website page helped lots of kids： Christopher， who received a new basketball； Charlie， who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April， she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change. （2016年北京卷，B篇）

62. What does the story intend to tell us？

A. Little people can make a big difference. B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

C. East or west， home is best.

D. Technology is power.

解析：A。写作意图题。根据本段中的“Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April， she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.”可知，Natalie助人的行为得到了社会的认可与赞扬，由此可推测出小人物也可大有作为。

【典例2】Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now， the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. （2016年全国卷II，C篇）

29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph？

A. To explain what they are.

B. To introduce BookCrossing.

C. To stress the importance of reading.

D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.

解析：B。目的意图题。作者在文章第一段中提出读书也是一种社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起讨论所读内容，增加相互之间的理解。接下来文章在第一段最后一句中提出“the website BookCrossing.com”由此可推测出作者提出读书小组的目的是介绍BookCrossing.com这个网站。

⑤文章出处判断题。

做此类试题时要根据文章的内容、结构或文中出现的某些信息词（如research， blog， reader， news， click等）来判断文章是关于新闻、广告、产品说明、科学研究、调查报告、娱乐或者是生活常识等，从而判断其出处。常用的文体有：a news report； an advertisement； a geography book； a website； a booklet等。如：记叙文考生要紧扣文章人物本身的言语以及行为来分析每句话、每件事分别说明什么；同时要抓住作者字里行间表达的感情、态度等形容词；议论文要结合上下文中的论点与例证之间的承接关系。

【典例】When I grew up and entered the business world， I remember hearing my first boss say， “We all need to think like sales-people.” But it didnt completely make sense. My dad never once said， “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was， “You need to think like a fish.” Years later， with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me， I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.（2015年广东卷，B篇）

35. This passage most likely comes from _________.

A. a fishing guide

B. a popular sales book

C. a novel on childhood

D. a millionaires biography

解析：B。文章出处题。根据本段内容，特别是本段最后一句“It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.”可推测出，本文可能来自一本关于销售的畅销书。

（四）猜测词义题

1.题型特点与命题方式

此题型旨在考查考生通过语境理解生词的能力。由于猜测词义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等，因此联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。这就要求考生能根据上下文提供的线索推断出生词的词义，特别要注意熟词生义，而且所考查的词或短语的意义往往不是停留在字面上，这就要求考生能根据上下文语境来判断，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。此类题型的题干设问方式有：

（1） The word “...”in the first paragraph probably means ________.

（2） The underlined word/ phrase “...”in the article probably means ________.

（3） The underlined word “it/ them” in paragraph… refers to________.

（4） The word “...”in line ... could best be replaced by ________.

（5） The underlined word is closest in meaning to________.

（6） By saying “...” the author means to say that...

2.解題思路与策略

要做好猜测词义题，首先要熟练掌握考纲中规定的3，500个词汇与一定数量的短语，这是最起码的要求。其次，掌握必要的做题方法与技巧也是必备的。阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系，不过猜测词义题中所考单词的词义通常超出考纲。因此，考生首先要利用上下文语境以及各种已知信息来推测、判断某个生词的词义，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通；也可以通过语法、下定义、同位、对比、因果等线索确定词义；也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词；还可以通过常识以及生活经验等来猜测词义。猜测词义的能力可以运用下列几种方法来加强。

①根据上下文语境与句意来推测生词词义。

猜测任何词义都离不开上下文的语境，所以可借助上下文语境与线索对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。解题时，考生可以利用上下文线索，利用已知信息，来猜测某个生词或短语在文章中的词义。

【典例】Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare， “But Im just not creative.” （2016年全国卷II，B篇）

27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？

A. Mistake B. Drawback

C. Difficulty D. Burden

解析：B。猜测词义题。根据“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可知，我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险，这说明我的这种教育方法也有不足之处。故可猜测本题选drawback意为“缺点”。

②根据释义猜测词义。

在有些文章中，某些生词的词义在下文中得到解释或说明。这些解释有时以下定义、定语从句、同义词、同位语形式出现；有时用破折号、括号、冒号、引号等符号表示同义关系或解释；有时用be， mean， refer to等指示性词或词组来进一步解释说明某一词或短语，即生词和这些指示词后面部分的含义一样；有时通过下文所举的例子或说明猜测词义；还有时用for example， for instance， such as， like， that is， or， that is to say， in other words， like等插入语进一步解释说明前面某一词、句，或某一现象，通过所举的例子，便可理解生词的含义。

【典例1】Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies， one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses. （2015年江苏卷，D篇）

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Countries where their people need help. B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

解析：D。猜测词义题。“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”意为“一个非常有权力的人统治无助的群众”是对“tyrannies”作解析，由此可猜测出tyrannies意为“暴政”。

【典例2】However， at the back of the minds of many people， especially those who missed the “good old days”， efficiency comes with a price. When communication becomes efficient， people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or to see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets， such as mobile phones and ipads， people often do not take the effect to visit one another personally. A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the persons presence for as long as the visit lasts. We cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn the other person off. （2014年江西卷，D篇）

71. The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to _________.

A. tools B. messages

C. barriers D. skills

解析：A。猜測词义题。“such as mobile phones and ipads”是插入语，对其前的名词“gadgets”作解释说明；再根据常识可知，手机和ipads都是通讯工具，因此可猜测“gadgets”意为“工具”。

③根据对比、转折或因果等逻辑关系猜测词义。

通过意思相反或对应的两个句子或两部分来判断其中某一部分的意思。这时只要考生知道其中一部分的含义，就可以了解另一部分的意思。两部分之间常用but， yet， instead， instead of， however， while， whereas， or （否则）， otherwise， though， although， on the contrary， on the other hand， unlike， rather than， for one thing， for another等来表示转折，根据这样的标志词可以准确解释词义；分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。此外，有时文章借助表示因果关系的关联词，如because， now that， as， since， for， so， thus， therefore， as a result， of course等来确定前后句之间的因果关系。在这种关系中如果知道了原因，结果也就不难知道了；反之，如果知道了结果，原因也就不难发现。

【典例】Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor. Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and dont want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate， then group training is an even better option for you. Its a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision （监管） of a fitness instructor. If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored， you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track. Dont let fitness frighten you！ （2015年福建卷，E篇）

73. The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”.

A. cheerful B. average

C. serious D. temporary

解析：A。猜測词义题。“If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored， ...”这是由if引导的条件句，前后句意思相反，从句句意是：如果你厌倦在健身房里四处闲逛，浪费时间，变得无聊；upbeat的意思应与“厌倦，变得无聊”意思相反，由此可猜测出upbeat意为“高兴的”。

④利用常识以及生活经验来猜测词义。

有时考生应具备一定的基本知识或常识，作出合理的推测与判断。

【典例】I am Peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips — of those， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干细胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor （捐献者） to the time they can be implanted in the patient， weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. （2016年全国卷I，C篇）

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1？

A provider B delivery man

C collector D medical doctor

解析：B。猜测词义题。根据本段中的“Ive done 89 trips”与“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干细胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.”的内容以及常识，可猜测作者是运送干细胞的人。

⑤根据构词法来猜测词义。

英语中的主要构词法主要有合成法、派生法和转换法三种。这就要求学生要对英语词汇中包含的前缀、后缀和词根的含义或功能作深入地了解，就能准确地猜测出它们相互组合形成的整体词义。同时考生也要掌握一些常见的合成词，有些单词是由两个或多个单词组合起来的复合词，考生可通过对组成复合词的单个单词意义的理解，从而猜测出复合词的词义。

【典例】This is opposed to the “early bird” schedule， and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight. Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students， for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday. （2014年四川卷，D篇）

45. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “classified”？

A. Criticised. B. Grouped.

C. Organised. D. Named.

解析：B。猜测词义题。根据构词法，后缀“-fy”意为“使成为，使……化”，class意为“等级，种类”；由此可猜测出classify意为“把……分类/分等”。

⑥指代性试题。

指代题作为词义题的一种，也是常见题型之一。代词指代一般在性（阴性或阳性）、数（单数或复数）、格（主格或宾格）、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句之中；就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词。例如：it 指代单数可数名词或不可数名词，表示特指，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单数可数名词等。除了位置、性、数和格等方面的要求外，逻辑和意义也是衡量的标准，也就是说，正确的答案应该从意义（主要指语法搭配）上和逻辑（主要指思想内容）上都是通顺的。

【典例】Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place， hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. （2016年全国卷II，C篇）

30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2refer to？

A. The book.

B. An adventure.

C. A public place.

D. The identification number.

解析：A。代词指代题。根据本句中的“... hoping that the book will have an adventure， traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”可知，那些留下书的人希望自己的书能随着找到它的人走得更远，由此可猜测出it指代前半句提到的同一事物the book。