虚拟语气高考考点扫描

梁红梅

虚拟语气是通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，表示说话者的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在。

一、高考常考点

（一）if引导的虚拟条件句

【典例1】Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？ If you___________ （tell） me， I could have helped. （2016年北京卷）

解析：had told。根据主句谓语“could have helped”可以判断此句表示与过去的事实相反，所以从句谓语用过去完成时。

【典例2】If I __________ （see） it with my own eyes， I wouldnt have believed it. （2015年北京卷）

解析：hadnt seen。根据主句谓语“wouldnt have believed”可以判断此句表示与过去的事实相反，所以从句谓语用过去完成时。

【典例3】We__________ （be） back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map. （2014年北京卷）

解析：would be。根据主句中的时间状语now可知，主句表示与现在的事实相反，所以本空填would be。

【典例4】Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she___________（live） there， she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often. （2012年安徽卷）

解析：were to live/ should live/ lived。根据句意可知，表示与将来的事实可能相反，所以本空填were to live/ should live/ lived。

【注意】此外這种表示假设条件的虚拟语气还可以倒装，首先将从句中的连词if去掉，把句中的were， should， had提到主语之前。

【典例5】（单句改错）Have the governments and scientists not worked together， AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005. （2016年浙江卷）

解析：把have改为had。根据题干中的“would not have fallen”可知主句是对过去的虚拟，所以从句用“if the governments and scientists had not worked together”与主句保持一致。If引导的虚拟条件句中含有had时，可将if省去，将had提前到主语之前构成倒装结构。

【典例6】__________there no modern telecommunications， we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world. （2014年福建卷）

解析：Were。根据主句谓语用“would+动词原形”以及句意可知，表示对现在情况的虚拟，条件句中用一般过去时，将连词if去掉，则把were提到主语之前。

（二）含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不是以条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过暗含的含蓄条件with， without， but， but for， but that， or， otherwise引起的短语或句子来代替if引导的虚拟条件句。

[＼&with/without/ But for...＼&现在＼&would/could+动词原形＼&过去＼&would/could+ have done＼&]

【典例1】Without his wartime experiences， Hemingway____________ （write） his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. （2015年重庆卷）

解析：wouldnt have written。根据句中的“without his wartime experiences”可知描述的情况是对过去情况的否定猜测，故主句用wouldnt have written。

【典例2】It is lucky we booked a room， or we__________ （have） nowhere to stay now. （2015年安徽卷）

解析：would have。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句，相当于“if we hadnt booked a room， we would have nowhere to stay now.”根据句中的now可知，是对现在情况的虚拟，故本空填would have。

【典例3】We lost our way in that small village， otherwise we__________ （visit） more places of interest yesterday. （2012年福建卷）

解析：would have visited。根据句中的时间状语yesterday可知，本题是对过去情况的虚拟，前句表示“我们在那个小山村迷路了”这一过去的客观事实，otherwise后接的句子是对过去的虚拟，故本空填would have visited。

【典例4】We__________ （put） Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

解析：would have put。but for相当于without，可与if引导的虚拟条件句替换；由句意可知，与过去事实相反，故本空填would have put。

【典例5】People are recycling many things which they__________ （throw） away in the past. （2014年安徽卷）

解析：would have thrown。此句是由which引导的定语从句，是一个隐含的虚拟语气，in the past相当于“If they had been in the past”，所以此定语从句应用虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实相反，故本空填would have thrown。

【注意】without/ but for…= if it were not for sth/ if it had not been for sth.= were it not for sth/ had it not been for sth.要不是，若非。

【典例6】（完成句子） If it___________ （要不是） his invitation the other day， I should not be here now. （2016年江苏卷）

解析：had not been for。根据从句中的时间状语“the other day”可知，从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示与现在的事实相反，从句谓语应用过去完成时。

（三）wish （if only， as if/though） 后接从句中的虚拟语气

[＼&wish （if only， as if/though）＼&谓语动词形式＼&现在＼&一般过去时＼&过去＼&过去完成時＼&将来＼&would/could+动词原形＼&]

1.wish +宾语从句。

【典例1】Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I___________ （dance） as well as her. （2015年陕西卷）

解析：danced。wish后接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。

【典例2】（单句改错） I wish I were at my sisters wedding last Tuesday， but I was on a business trip in New York then. （2015年天津卷）

解析：把were改为had been。根据句意与句中的时间状语last Tuesday可知，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用过去完成时。

2.if only +陈述句。常用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“要是……就好了”。“if only+句子”相当于“How I wish+ that从句”。

【典例】（单句改错） If only he lay quietly as the doctor instructed， he would not suffer so much now.

解析：把lay改为had lain。根据语境可知，此句表示过去不能实现的愿望，因此从句用过去完成时。

3.在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中，常用虚拟语气。

【典例1】（单句改错） It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I did it？ （2014年重庆卷）

解析：把did改为had done。根据前一句中的was可知，打破玻璃是过去发生的事情，表示与过去事实相反，所以as if引导的方式状语从句应用过去完成时。

【典例2】Dont handle the vase as if it__________（be） made of steel. （2012年北京卷）

解析：were。根据语境可知，as if引导的状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，如果谓语动词是be动词，应使用were。

【注意】在as if/as though从句中，有时用陈述语气，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或者可能被设想为真实的。例如：Look at the dark clouds. It looks as if its going to rain！

（四）would rather后接从句中的虚拟语气

[＼&would rather＼&从句谓语动词形式＼&现在/将来＼&一般过去时＼&过去＼&过去完成时＼&]

【典例】（单句改错）We would rather our daughter had stayed at home with us， but it is her choice， and she is not a child any longer. （2014年陕西卷）

解析：去掉had。would rather后接的从句用虚拟语气，“but it is her choice”表明是对现在的虚拟，故用动词的一般过去时。

（五）should型虚拟语气

1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气

一个坚持（insist），二个命令（order， command），三个要求（demand， request， require），四个建议（suggest， advise， propose， recommend）与desire（希望，渴望）等动词后接的宾语从句中，从句谓语用“（should） do”形式。

【典例1】（单句改错） Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. （2016年全国卷II）

解析：删除can或把can改为should。动词suggest表示“建议”，后接的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语用“（should）+动词原形”，所以本句可以删除can或把can改为should。

【典例2】Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam___________ （be） at the age of six months old. （2013年浙江卷）

解析：（should） be。recommend表示“建议”时，后接宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”的形式，should可省略。

【注意】suggest作“建议”讲时，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略；suggest作“表明，暗示”讲时，从句不用虚拟语气；insist作“坚持要求”讲时，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should do”形式，should可以省略；insist作“坚持认为/说”讲时，从句不用虚拟语气。

2.主语从句中的虚拟语气

在主语从句“It is necessary/ important/essential/ strange/ unusual/ natural/ surprising/suggested/ required/ ordered/ a pity/ a shame/ no wonder/ + that从句”的结构中，that从句的谓语有时用“（should）do”这样的虚拟语气形式。

【典例】（单句改错） In this country it is required that anyone who have recently come here have to pass this kind of test.

解析：把第一个have改为has。由that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气，而这个主语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句，定语从句不能用虚拟语气；此外定语从句谓语动词的单复数应与其前的先行词anyone保持一致，所以定语从句的谓语动词应用第三人称单数。

3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在order， command； demand， request， requirement； advice， suggestion， recommendation， proposal， plan， idea等名词后的表语从句、同位语从句中，谓语用“（should） do”形式。

【典例】（单句改错）After my effort， I at last persuaded him into taking my advice that he was operated on at once.

解析：把was改為（should） be。advice意为“建议”，后接的同位语从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should do”形式，should可以省略。

（六）“It is （about/high） time+ that从句”结构

[＼&It is （about/high） time+that 从句＼&从句谓语动词形式＼&一般过去时＼&should+动词原形（should不可省略）＼&]

【典例】 （单句改错） Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he do something instead of just talking.

解析：把 do改为did或在do前加should。在句型“Its high/ about time that从句”中，从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should do，但should不可省略。

二、高考易错易混点

（一）错综时间条件句

有时条件从句与主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，这时应按各自的动作时间搭配来调整相应的结构形式。

【典例1】 If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before， he would have been able to speak it much better now. （2013年天津卷）

解析：把have been改为be。此题是由if引导的虚拟条件句。根据从句的时间状语before可知，从句表示与过去的事实相反，所以从句用过去完成时态；根据主句的时间状语now可知，表示与现在的事实相反，因此把have been改为be。

【典例2】If we booked a table earlier， we couldnt be standing here in a queue. （2013年北京卷）

解析：在booked前加had。根据语境可知，这是一个错综虚拟条件句。从句表示与过去的事实相反，所以从句用过去完成时。

（二）虚实错综句

所谓“虚实错综句”是指虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子，这就要我们细心判断哪一处应使用虚拟语气，哪一处应使用陈述语气。

【典例1】 （单句改错） I would go to my cousins birthday party last night， but I was not available. （2013年安徽卷）

解析：把go改为have gone。这是由but引导的虚实条件句，根据句中的时间状语last night可知，前一句表示与过去的事实相反，所以用“would+ have done ”形式；第二个句子陈述过去的事实，不用虚拟语气。

【典例2】（單句改错）We could face the difficulty together， but why didnt you tell me？ （2012年北京卷）

解析：把face改为have faced。句中的“but why didnt you tell me”表示过去的真实情况；第一个句子表示与过去的事实相反，是对过去情况的虚拟，故把face改为have faced。

三、巩固性练习

（一）单句填空，用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. If it ________（be） not for the climate， I would stay here much longer.

2. If he_________ （insist） that he_________

（go） to work there， everything would be OK now.

3. —It________ （be） cool if I won this contest. I dont think Im good enough， though.

—Give it a shot. You never know.

4. We________ （not finish） the project on time without your timely help.

5. I would rather_________ （go） to work after my graduation， but my father would rather I_________ （go） abroad for further education.

6. The upset mother thought to herself， “If only I________ （know） whats going on in my little boys head right now.”

7. It is required by law that enough evidence________ （provide） to prove one is innocent of a crime.

8. —Jeff， whats up？ You are not yourself today.

—Oh， Mom. I really wish I________ （get） the chance but I failed.

9. Dont be angry with us. We__________ （eat） out with you together， but we were busy with our final reports when you called in.

10. But for the fact that China_________ （be） also affected by the global economic crisis， we_________ （have） fewer unemployed workers now.

11. Janes pale face suggested that she

__________ （be） ill， and her parents suggested that she_________ （have） a medical examination.

12. The teachers suggestion that we

__________ （try） once more is a great encouragement to us.

13. The constant rise of meat price requires that effective measures__________ （take） by the government.

14. Had it not been for my teachers help， I__________ （win） the first place in the English Oral competition.

15. If you had listened to me， we_________ （be） at the party now.

16. They could have escaped from the big fire， but unfortunately， someone__________ （lock） the door.

17. _________ he_________ （be） here yesterday， he would attend the lecture with us today.

18. If we had taken such effective measures much earlier， the river__________ （not pollute） so seriously now.

19. —Max looks nervous.

—So_________ you if you had so fierce a competition.

20. It was lucky that little Jack was not at home when the fire broke out； otherwise， he________ （lose） his life.

（二）单句改错

1. I think it is about time that we hold a meeting to discuss this problem.

2. When you phoned me， I was having a meeting； how I wish I answered your call.

3. The girl insisted that she wasnt wrong and that she was sent back to the classroom.

4. —Why didnt you come to the party？

—Well， I should， but I had an unexpected guest at that moment.

5. It is ordered that no smoking is allowed in public places.

6. Had you listened to your mother， you would have been all right now.

7. But for your timely help， I would be in the traffic jam for a long time.

8. They met for the first time， but they talked happily as if they were good friends for a long time.

9. Would you need any help， you could always phone me at the office.

10. Without the greenhouse effect， the Earth were about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.

（三）語篇填空

Over years I have been wishing I 1.__________ （be） a bird flying freely in the clear and clean sky. However， the earth is becoming warmer and warmer and it is human activity that has caused this global warming. People suffer more from the natural disasters， pollution， global warming and so on. If only we 2.__________ （can breathe） clean and fresh air every day！

What do you suggest that we 3.__________ （do） to save our earth？ When everything is out of order， it looks as if the world 4.__________ （end）. It is high time that some effective measures 5._________ （take） to stop the damage to the earth， otherwise， the earth 6._________

（destroy） by human beings.

It is obvious that it is the efforts people make that make it possible for the environment to become clean. The main focus of effort must be to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions now. In our daily life， we should try to save electricity， water and gas； we should also start recycling. Whats more， if everyone

7._________ （take） public transportation in the future， there 8._________ （be） less pollution in the air and the environmental problems

9.__________（improve）. I do desire that one day the earth 10._________ （become） as beautiful as before.