Abstracts of Major Articles

s of Major Articles

The Chinese Civil War and the Reorientations of the Soviet Union’s Policy toward China（SHEN Zhihua）

The article explores the primary cause for the USSR to change its international alignment from the National Government to the CCP,shedding light especially on a turning point in the historical transformation of Moscow’s China policy from 1945 to 1949.In order to ensure the USSR's strategic interests in the Far East,Stalin signed the treaty of alliance with the National Government in 1945.Then,as international and Chinese domestic conditions shifted significantly,Stalin began to see the CCP as an instrument to achieve the objectives of his policy in China.Especially,after Soviet troops withdrew from the Northeast of China in mid-1946,Stalin began to provide minor and covered assistance to the CCP in the region,which impacted the Chinese Civil War immensely.In early 1949,victorious prospect of the CCP revolution became increasingly clear,and Mao Zedong showed a strong desire to“leaning to the side”of the USSR.These developments led Stalin to provide full support to the CCP’s effort to seize national power.Thus,the USSR's China policy made a fundamental turn.By examining the developments in these three phases，the article holds that practical interests,not ideology,constituted the primary cause for the USSR to ally with the CCP,and that the Chinese Civil War and its consequences shaped the Cold War in Asia.

What is‘Reich’?——On the German Ideas of Empire from the Controversy around the Name of the Weimar Republic（MENG Zhongjie）

The problem of the name of the new Germany was a focus of the debate in the national assembly in the beginning of the Weimar Republic.Whether or not to use the term“Reich”manifested how German adopted,accommodated and practiced the different concepts for their empire over the last millennium.This could not only reflect the problematic political culture of Weimar Germany,but also help us to find out some certain continuity in the German political culture,which could be considered as one of important perspectives on why the Weimar democracy failed.

Greece’s Independence from the Ottoman Empire:whether relating to‘Saving Civilization’?（WANG Sanyi）

The war that the Greeks revolted against the Turkish Ottoman rule became an eye-catching event because of the enthusiastic assistance and visit by Lord Byron,the English poet.In fact,the Greeks seized the opportunity that the Ottoman Empire was weak,while they fought for independent.Victory in the War of independence was not due to thestrength of the Greek army and uprising forces,but the direct European intervention.Britain,France and Russia dispatched troops and defeated the armies of the Ottoman government and Egypt,because of their own considerations of interests respectively,not their"cultural emotion with Greeks".What the European powers had done was not the same thing as Byron did.furthermore, Greece’s Independence successfully from the Ottoman Empire did not matter‘Saving Civilization’.

On the Flavian Dynasty’s Policy toward the Guards and Its Influence on the Roman Principate（HE Libo）

Starting from the beginning of the Roman Empire,the Guards become foremost of the key factors affecting the successions of Principate.In the late 1st century AD,the Flavian dynasty conducted some institutional reforms,adopting a series of measures:For example,it diversified Guard components,changed con-trast of the armed forces in the capital,arranged the son of the principate to be thehead of the guard executive,andGuards sent the guards to frontier,etc,all achieving remarkable results.In the Flavian dynasty,the guards did not intervene with the succession of principate,but had become its supports.Over more than a century,from the first head of the Flavian dynasty in AD 69,to the end of the Antonius dynasty,,the succession of principate was scarcely interfiled by the Guards,which contributed to the stability of the Roman principate system.。

A Brief Analysis of the Nature and Basic Characteristics of the Romanization in Spanish Provinces of the Early Roman Empire（SHANG Dejun and GONG Xiuhua）

The early Roman Empire which lasted from the end of the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD was the most remarkable and active phase of the Romanization inSpanish provinces.Roman rule left a significant mark upon the Spanish history.The collision between and combination of Roman civilization and Celtic-Iberian civilization propelled the Roman-Spain civilization into being in the early empire.The paper is composed of three parts,including nature,essential features and conclusion.

The Image of the First Emperor of the Qin in the Han Bamboo SlipsZhao Zheng Shu Collected by Beijing University （YAO Lei）

The image of the first emperor in historical literature is not well established with nice features,usually dignified as suspicious,autocratic,and notorious for his longing for longevity,severe law,etc.His images in the Han Bamboo Slips Zhao Zheng Shu and the other historical literature enjoy similarities and differentiations.The slips also show that the First Emperor said his last words with tears in the deathbed,much like an ordinary man's emotional expression.Anxiety and concern for his young sons was an expression of his warm heart.

An Analysis of Zhangsun Wuji’s Deed’s and Contribution Prior to the Zhen’guan Reign（YE Fan）

In the Old Book and the Tang,the New Book of the Tang,and Zizhi Tongjian,Zhangsun Wuji was described as a great person with tremendous or even the greatest achievements before Emperor Taizong of Tang was enthroned.Influenced by these historical records,contemporary scholars also highly appraise his feats.In fact,his main deeds—following the pace of Prince Li Shih-min’s military conquest and participating in the Xuanwu Gate incident—were not very outstanding before Taizong’s enthronement.He did not perform prominent military exploits and he even just played a role of a messenger and a reassuring pill in the Xuanwu Gate incident.Traditional historiography might have been fettered or hoodwinked by Taizong’s personal emotional favor on Zhangsun so that they overstate his historical role and didnot recognize his actual merits.

A Study of the San Shi Subject and the Related Historical Facts in the Tang Dynasty（DOU Lujun）

The San Shi Subject was instituted under the memorial of Minister Yin You during the period of the Muzong Emperor of the Tang Dynasty,which marked that historiography began to be included in the imperial examination,and thus had great importance in history of traditional Chinese historiography.Present scholarship has different opinions on some basic issues of the San Shi subject.We can draw several conclusions by surveying the related historical materials and research results.First，the three“GuochaoGushi”cited by Yin You‘petition to throne is the system of the Kaiyuan Reign Period under the Xuanzong Emperor,which originated from the three clause of the Tang Liu Dian.Second,the San Shi subject is set in the second year of the Changqing Reign Period rather than in the third year of the Changqing Reign Period.Third，the examination scope of the San Shi subject is the three former historical Texts rather than thefour former historical Texts or the wider historical records of the past dynasties.

The Policy Question Exam in the Song Dynasty under Historical Criticism（LI Kai）

The policy question was the main form of the Song imperial examination.The policy question attached importance to the historical experience,and then historical criticism.An analysis of the themes in historical criticism of Song policy questions can reflect not onlythe development of Song historiography,but also relationship between historiography and the imperial examination,politics.

Interest and Order:Litigation of Southern Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty（CHEN Hai bin）

Historical pictures of prevalent litigation in the local societies in southern Jiangxi can be found in the related narratives in the“custom”sections of local gazetteers in the Qing Dynasty.The extant verdicts are able to completely reveal the profiles of the original suit cases,and show the real state of litigation to some extent.The actual situation of litigation could be certain reflection of local Social life at that time.Litigation,in nature,was the expression and practice of people’s interest pursuits in the field of state control.It can also reveal the process of conflicts and control in the local social order.Faced with complex problem of litigation,governments and local societies play their own roles in controlling the litigation,exhibiting the interaction between state and local society,as well as the mechanism of legal system in the local society.

An Investigation on the Author ofQuan Xue Qian Yu（WANG Yingxian）

QuanXue qianyu was printed by Zhiyong Academy in Fuzhou in 1899,signed by Shen Yuanshen.The related versions from the Qiushi Academy and other relevant bibliographical books have all recognizedShen as the author.On the basis of the related resources collected in the Shanghai Library,we found this book was actually written by Wang Zhouyao on Shen’s behalf.To clarify the issue,we can fairly understand the ghostwriters’activism in the late Qing Dynasty.

A Study of the Planning and Construction of Dr.Sun Yat-Sen’s Mausoleum in theRepublican China（SU Yanping）

During the period of the Republic of China,the overall planning and construction of the Dr.Sun Yat-Sen mausoleum initiated a precedent of combining mausoleum,forest,gardening,culture,tourism,and public service facilities.It has become the most representative of the modern memorial gardens and laid the foundation for the Zijin Mountain’s ecological construction.Gradually it has become a famous scenic spot and a famous international landscape.Therefore,the planning and construction achievements in Dr.Sun Yat-Sen mausoleum as the foremost representative of modern Chinese memorial parks,is very worthy of attention and study.Focusing on the theme of the planning and construction of the Dr.Sun Yat-Sen mausoleum this article puts forward the concept of the Dr.Sun Yat-Sen mausoleum,its planning and construction achievements,and its political significance and public service functions.I hope it provides certain insights and reference to the current city planning and construction.

Social Memory of the Holocaust in Israel,1945-2000（Gideon Greif）

The Holocaust had a serious and lasting influence on Israel society,but the historical research of the holocaust experienced a very long history of transformation,from a kind of taboo in the first period of nation-building to a symbol for official memory after the trial of Eichmann.With the time passing by,the holocaust has been a focus of identity building in Israel society.

Roman legislation on the Jews constitutes one of the important sources for the study of Jewish history in late antiquity.Especially the Codex Theodosianus and the Codex Justinianus,completed in the period of codification in the 5th and 6th centuries,standardized political status,religious practices and social activities for all Jews who live in Roman-Byzantine World.We could find from some decrees on the Jews that the Jews enjoyed the protection of Roman law but faced marginalization as“second-class citizens”at the same time,and Judaism maintained its status as a legitimate religion but the right of it survival and development was confined.The contradictory legal status of the Jews was formed by the tradition of Roman law and impacted by the Christian religious elements.

Deracialization:Obama’s Political Strategy on Race

（ZHU Quanhong）

Deracialization is the political strategy of the new generation of black politicians used in the post-Civil Rights era of the United States as a response of the black politics to the rise of conservatism in the late 20th century.Obama’s victory in the 2008 presidential campaign has fully proved its effectiveness as a campaign strategy.However,the experience of the Obama administration with the strategy in the past 8 years demonstrates that his ascendency to the presidency has more to do with the symbolism of being the first black president than to bring any substantial benefits and improvement to the racial relations in the U-nited States.His deracialization strategy only makes racial issues more marginalized and the reality of black-white inequalities are more ignored in American politics.The result of 2016 presidential campaign seems to indicate that there is still an uneven road for the United States to enter into the era of a colorblind post-racial society.

The Jewish Legal Status in the Christian World in Late Antiquity——An Investigation based on the Study of the Roman Law

（SHU Huiling）